Mumbai University Zoology Syllabus - 3300 Words

Academic Council 25/05/2011 Item No. 4.59 UNIVERSITY OF MUMBAI Syllabus for the F.Y.B.Sc. Program: B.Sc. Course : Zoology (Credit Based Semester and Grading System with effect from the academic year 2011–2012) 1 F.Y.B.Sc. Zoology Syllabus Restructured for Credit Based and Grading System To be implemented from the Academic year 2010-2011 SEMESTER I Course Code UNIT I USZO101 II III I USZO102 II III USZO P1 TOPICS Diversity of Animal Kingdom I Life processes I Ecology Molecular basis of life I Biotechnology I Genetics 2 2 2 Credits L / Week 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 Practicals based on both courses in theory SEMESTER II Course Code UNIT I USZO201 II III I USZOT202 II III USZO P2 TOPICS Diversity of Animal Kingdom II Life processes II Ethology†¦show more content†¦1.2.2: Peptide bond 1.2.3: Structure of proteins: Primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. 1.2.4: Biological role of proteins. 1.3: Carbohydrates 1.3.1: Nomenclature, isomerism and classification. 1.3.2: Glycosidic bond 1.3.3: Types of carbohydrates: Monosaccharides: Glucose, fructose, galactose Disaccharides: Maltose, sucrose, lactose Polysaccharides: Starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin, heparin 1.3.4: Biological role of carbohydrates Unit II: Biotechnology – I 2.1: Concept of Biotechnology 2.1.1: Definition 2.1.2: An overview of achievements and scope. 2.2: Fundamentals of laboratory techniques in biotechnology 2.2.1: Safe handling of equipments 2.2.2: Sterilization techniques 2.2.3: Molecular separation techniques Principle and applications: Paper chromatography, TLC and Electrophoresis- Agarose and PAGE 2.3: Food biotechnology Applications of biotechnology in making bread, beer, wine, yogurt and cheese 2.4: Enzyme Technology 2.4.1: Enzymes as the meat tenderizer 2.4.2: Bio-detergents 2.4.3: Concept of enzyme immobilization (15 Lectures) 5 Unit III: Genetics (15 Lectures) 3.1: Gene and gene concepts, definition of gene and gene expression 3.2: Mendelian inheritance: i) Monohybrid and dihybrid cross, ii) Concept of dominance, iii) Exception to Mendelian inheritance: Incomplete dominance, co- dominance, interaction of genes: (Epistasis:

The Battle of Passchendaele Free Essays

The Battle of Passchendaele Officially known as the Third Battle of Ypres, Passchendaele became infamous not only for the scale of casualties, but also for the mud. It was a combination of the Environment, Tactics and Poor Leadership that lead to the AIF’s losing the battle of Passchendaele. On 9 October 1917, British divisions, with the AIF in support, attacked towards Passchendaele village in terrible conditions. We will write a custom essay sample on The Battle of Passchendaele or any similar topic only for you Order Now In the mud and rain the effort proved futile but the high command thought that enough ground had been gained to order an assault on 12 October. The Germans were fully prepared for the incoming attack, launched across an eleven mile front, small gains of land was only achieved during the attack. Then in the early days of August, the area was saturated with the heaviest rain the region had seen in thirty years. The area in Flanders became effectively a swamp. The weather at the site of this battle was dreadful; it was all muddy and sticky, after it had poured for days on end. It was because of the harsh weather that many of the AIF troops got trench foot. As this was happening, the AIF was losing a lot of men that died or could not fight again because of the wounds that they had obtained. Third Ypres was intended as Sir Douglas Haig’s Allied forces breakthrough in Flanders in 1917. The AIF lost this battle because of the poor leadership that the officers showed during the battle because of the position they were put in by the Germans. Plumer advocated continuing the attack immediately into Passchendaele ridge, arguing that the morale of the German troops was, for the present at least, broken, and that this combined with a shortage of forces would virtually guarantee Allied capture of the ridge. Haig however disagreed, choosing not to go along with the plans that he had made for the AIF. It was a combination of the Environment, Tactics and Poor Leadership that lead to the AIF’s losing the battle of Passchendaele. In conclusion the battle of Passchendaele was a failed attempt by the AIF as they lost a lot more men then the Germans. I have talked about the tactics, morale and the leadership. These parts of the battle were the most interesting to my eye. How to cite The Battle of Passchendaele, Papers

When Is Humanitarian Intervention Justified free essay sample

When is Humanitarian Intervention Justified? â€Å"The regime is killing us, many of the opposition fighters are becoming criminals and the world is watching it like a film† (The Economist, 2013). This is a statement by a Syrian student whose sentiment has become common amongst Syrians. According to the UN, since March 18th 2011, the date that marked the beginning of the Syrian uprising, 70,000 Syrians, mostly civilians, have died, but the death toll is likely to be considerably higher (ibid. ). The conflict between followers of the governing Ba’ath Party and the Syrian opposition, which has turned into an utter civil war (Nebehay, 2012), has also resulted into a substantial refugee problem and a deficiency in basic resources and services that has led to â€Å"more than 4 million Syrians now lack[ing] fuel, electricity, a telephone line and food† (The Economist, 2013). These facts reveal that the Syrian situation, which has been going on for more than two years, has turned into a conspicuous humanitarian catastrophe. We will write a custom essay sample on When Is Humanitarian Intervention Justified? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Yet, â€Å"both NATO and the United States have stated in no uncertain terms that they will not intervene† and â€Å"Russia and China have vetoed efforts in the UN Security Council to condemn Syria† (Landis, 2012). I used Syria as an introductory case study because it forms a contemporary demonstration of the extent to which states can abuse their sovereignty rights, â€Å"treating [them] as a license to kill† (Bellamy amp; Wheeler, 2011, p. 512). Although the international community has gotten militarily involved in other instances, for various reasons it is not willing to do so in Syria, as it was not ready to intervene in Darfur in 2003-4, when the Sudanese government â€Å"embarked on what the UN has described as a reign of terror† (Bellamy amp; Wheeler, 2011, p. 520), despite previous â€Å"declarations that such crimes must ‘never again’ be allowed to happen† (Stark, 2011, p. 4). In this essay it will be argued that within today’s normative context, especially with our conceptions of humanity and the historical struggle behind it, and with an increasing interdependence of states, the international community is provided with a justification to intervene militarily in states that abuse their sovereignty rights, using unjustified force against their own people, committing genocides or mass atrocities, and causing thereby massive human suffering and a potential hreat to international security. It will be stressed that this justification is strongly linked with the time and normative setting we live in, but also that humanitarian justifications can be abused and must therefore be carried out within a certain framework to be viewed favorably by public opinion. For the scope of this essay, humanitarian intervention will be defined as â€Å"the threat or use of force across borders by a state (or group of states) aimed at [†¦] ending widespread and grave violations of the fundamental human rights of individuals other than its own citizens, without permission of the state within whose territory force is applied† (Holzgrefe amp; Koehane, 2003, p. 18). It is crucial to note that social norms are in constant evolution. They are essential to the understanding of international politics because they define â€Å"the rights and duties states believe they have toward one another [†¦], the goals they value, the means they believe are [†¦] legitimate to obtain these goals, and the political costs and benefits attached to different choices† (Finnemore, 2003, p. 53). As a consequence, the meaning, role and motive of humanitarian missions have changed quite significantly over time. In the 19th century, unlike today, â€Å"intervenors found reasons to identify themselves with the victims of humanitarian disasters in some [†¦] exclusive way†, which is strikingly demonstrated by the fact that â€Å"before the twentieth century virtually all instances of military intervention to protect people other than the intervenor’s own nationals involved protection of Christians from the Ottoman Turks† (Finnemore, 2003, pp. 58). The reason is that Christians were the ones considered worthy of humane treatment and hence of humanitarian protection, while non-Christians were viewed as less deserving of such considerations. Hence, mass murdering by colonizers in their colonies did not prompt intervention, and neither did pogroms against Jews, nor massacres of Native Americans in the United States, nor Russian slaughtering of Turks in the 1860s (ibid. ). Today it would not be morally admissible to consider groups of people less human or less worthy of human right protection, because it has been accepted that there are certain rights that â€Å"all persons have by virtue of personhood alone† (Teson, 2001, p. 1). However, because within earlier normative contexts members of entire ethnicities or cultures were openly considered uncivilized, less human and undeserving of rights, it was difficult for states to justify armed intervention in these peoples’ territories as being solely humanitarian. It was with the abolition of slavery and slave trade, an advance that marked â€Å"one of the greatest moral revolutions in human history† (Lauren, 2011, p. 49), that new norms came into practice, expanding the concept of humanity significantly. Human beings previously viewed as beyond the edge of humanity – as being property – came to be viewed as human, and with that status came certain [†¦] privileges and protections† (Finnemore, 2003, p. 68). Decolonization played a further role in the expansion of humanity. â€Å"The colonialism’s humanitarian mission was to ‘civilize’ the non-European world. [†¦] Until these people were civilized they remained [†¦] less than human†. Decolonization, however, took place when humanity ceased being seen as something one could create, or something culturally dependent, becoming instead something â€Å"inherent in individual human beings† (ibid. . Yet, human rights were not granted a permanent place in political discourse and the international agenda until the atrocities of the holocaust and World War II and the subsequent 1948 UN General Assembly’s ‘Universal Declaration of Human Rights’ (Donnely, 2011). Since then we have been witnessing the emergence of a global human rights order, which â€Å"is based on strong and widely accepted principles and norms but [†¦] weak mechanisms of international implementation†, leaving the administration of human rights to individual nations (Donnely, 2011, p. 496). This historical perspective serves to demonstrate that it has taken a considerable amount of time and struggle for our contemporary conceptions of humanity and human rights to be formed. It is hence intelligible that once the universality of human rights has been accepted, one of the main purposes of states becomes protecting and securing these rights. â€Å"Governments and others in power who seriously violate [human] rights undermine the one reason that justifies their political power, and thus should not be protected by international law† (Teson, 2001, p. 1). This reasoning suggests that there are limitations to the concept of state sovereignty, which is used as one of the main arguments in the case against humanitarian intervention. â€Å"A sovereign state is deemed to be the protector of the security and property of its subjects [†¦]; or the guardian of their rights [†¦]; or the expression of their collective will† (Hoffman, 1995, p. 34). Hence, state sovereignty â€Å"serves valuable human ends† but â€Å"those who grossly assault them should not be allowed to shield themselves behind sovereignty principles† (Teson, 2001, p. 2). This indicates that sovereignty derives from a state’s responsibility to protect the rights and the welfare of its citizens, and that once they fail to do so they lose their right to non-interference and non-intervention (ibid. ). Thus, government illegitimacy is â€Å"a necessary [†¦] condition for the permissibility of intervention† (Teson, 2001, p. 10). However, it is not enough to ground humanitarian intervention â€Å"solely on the moral illegitimacy of a state, because there are [†¦] cases where the collapse of state legitimacy will not be enough to justify intervention† (ibid. . Given, the complexity and costs of intervention and the unpredictability of outcome, intervening for humanitarian purposes becomes reasonable and justified once there is a clear and substantial human suffering that cannot be stopped peacefully. In other instances non-military alternatives, such as diplomatic pressure and sanctions, might be more proportionate to the probl em and hence better justified (Powers, 2012). Nevertheless, it is essential to recognize that if in the past the normative context shaped no moral duty to intervene to alleviate the suffering of all and any kinds of people, today this moral duty exists and fully justifies armed intervention in the case of atrocities and humanitarian disasters, a duty that should weigh more than sovereignty rights. In other words, â€Å"there are circumstances in which the moral good of sovereignty must yield to superior imperatives, those of global humanity- the protection of human beings from intolerable evils such as the violation of their fundamental rights to life and security† (Hoffman, 1995, p. 5). On the other hand, humanitarian interventions require employing substantial material resources and sacrificing one’s own soldiers (Bellamy amp; Wheeler, 2011). On that account, realists, who are skeptical of the existence of universal moral principles (Dunne amp; Schmidt, 2011), do not accept humanitarian intervention as justified, as â€Å"in their opinion, it requires of [†¦] states that they no longer base their policies on their national interest† (Hoffman, 1995, p. 5. ). Yet, this statement seems to be based on a too limited interpretation of national interest. â€Å"[O]ur preference for an international society in which neither the injustices nor the disorder associated with domestic strife and violations of basic rights will run wild should make it clear that certain interventions even in crises that do not affect our physical or economic security directly [†¦] are in the national interest† (Hoffman, 1995, p. 6). The idea of a preferred international society is especially relevant to today’s globalized world order, which increases social interconnectedness and hence moral obligations, and in which â€Å"massive human rights violations in one part of the world have an effect on every other part† (Bellamy, 2010, p. 155), posing a potential threat to the international peace and security. The realist objection to humanitarian intervention arguably goes against the idea of the universality of human values, since it allocates more importance to the lives of a state’s nationals, penalizing [†¦] victims of atrocious injustices who happened, by brute luck, to be born elsewhere (Kymlicka, 2002). Soldiers and resources employed in humanitarian missions are aimed at saving a considerable number of lives and stop mass suffering, which is why once it is accepted as a norm that all human lives have the same value, the realists’ argument does not effectively undermine the moral justification to intervene militarily in the case of mass atrocities caused by governments. The realist view however demonstrates that the question of when humanitarian intervention is justified is quite controversial, and it leads to the consideration that in certain instances humanitarian rationales might be abused, resulting in unjustified interventions. [N]otoriously, Hitler insisted that the 1939 invasion of Czechoslovakia was inspired by a desire to protect Czechoslovak citizens whose ‘life and liberty’ were threatened by their government† (Bellamy, 2010, p. 157). Therefore, interventions today have to be led in specified ways for states to prove they are not â€Å"espous[in g] humanitarian motives as a pretext to cover the pursuit of national self-interest† (Bellamy amp; Wheeler, 2011, p. 512). It is intelligible that the UN, being the body that promotes diplomacy and that makes sovereign states accountable before the law, should be the entity responsible of providing a functioning framework for humanitarian intervention and guaranteeing that mass human killings and suffering will be actively stopped, which would serve as an assurance that intervention will only be carried out when truly justified. However, the UN dictated international law does not tolerate any kind of military aggression in sovereign states unless mandated by the Security Council (ibid. , and the veto power granted to the P5 members of the UNSC can result into the international community formally disregarding humanitarian disasters because of internal political mechanisms and interests. This reality suggests that the UN is in need of reforms in its structure, especially in terms of the veto (Carlsson, 1995), and that consequently, in order to protect people from atrocities it is not enough to rely on form al international law, which is why countries are justified to intervene even without being backed by the Security Council. For their intervention to be accepted as solely humanitarian, states should however seek to follow certain criteria: the intervention should be aimed at protecting a state’s nationals against genocides or substantial mass cruelties; the use of force should be proportionate to the problem and to the good to be achieved; and military forces should only be employed when peaceful alternatives have been exhausted (Powers, 2012). These are the basic prerequisites for interventions to be â€Å"humanitarian†, yet what truly enhances the consensus about such missions today is multilateralism, either under UN supervision or with explicit multipartite support. This is demonstrated by cases such as the cooperation between the U. S. , Britain and France to protect Kurdish and Shiite people in Iraq following the 1991-92 Gulf War, and the efforts of UN and NATO troops to protect civilian populations from Serbian forces in Bosnia, which might have received criticism about their effectiveness but not about their legitimacy (Finnemore, 2003). Multilateralism is especially important because of the difficulty in determining the amount of deaths and suffering that should be tolerated before forceful intervention becomes legitimate, and to establish when a situation becomes a threat to the international community. Multilateral consent serves as a guarantee that a situation is truly an unacceptable violation of human rights, ensuring the legitimacy of intervention and the unlikelihood of abuse of humanitarian justifications. Moreover, multilateralism means cooperation, which entails sharing material and human costs, creating a mechanism of mutual monitoring, enhancing thereby the transparency of the operation (ibid. ). This operational framework offers a pragmatic defense of humanitarian interventions, which combined with an existing moral duty to protect a universal value of humanity, fully justifies armed interventions to stop crimes against humanity. In conclusion, at this point in history, humanitarian intervention is justified when nationals of a country become targets of violent aggressions led by their leaders. This justification is strengthened by the interconnectedness of states in today’s globalized world, suggesting a need for the reconceptualization of state sovereignty, a political ideal that has been often mistakenly viewed as entailing rights rather than responsibilities. Morally, more importance should be given to saving human lives and halting unjust, man-made suffering than to national self-interest and political agendas, an ideal which, however, is not guaranteed by the current international law and UN system. When atrocities cannot be terminated by peaceful means, states are justified to intervene without a UN mandate if the intervention is coordinated multilaterally and the amount of force applied is appropriate to the situation. It remains nonetheless extremely difficult to determine the amount of killings and suffering to be tolerated before engaging in humanitarian intervention. Multilateralism diminishes the possibility of abuse, helps establish the most opportune moment to intervene and renders the whole mission more transparent and hence truly justified. Finally, it seems shameful that despite the intensity of the historical events that led to today’s acceptance of equal humanity and human rights, states still disregard massive violations of these rights as in Syria’s case, giving borders and self-interest more importance than human dignity, failing thereby to act according to their responsibilities in today’s global community. Bibliography Bellamy, A. (2010), â€Å"Peace Operations and Humanitarian Intervention†, chapter 10 in Beeson amp; Bisley ed. â€Å"Issues in 21st World Politics†, Palgrave Macmillan Bellamy, A. and Wheeler, N. (2011), â€Å"Humanitarian Intervention in World Politics†, chapter 31 in Baylis ed. â€Å"The Globalization of World Politics†, Oxford University Press Carlsson, I. (2005), â€Å"The UN at 50: a Time to Reform†, Foreign Policy 100 (Autumn), 3-18 Donnely, J. (2011), â€Å"Human Rights†, chapter 30 in Baylis ed. â€Å"The Globalization of World Politics†, Oxford University Press Dunne, T. and Schmidt, B. , â€Å"Realism†, chapter 5 in Baylis ed. â€Å"The Globalization of World Politics†, Oxford University Press The Economist, (2013), â€Å"The country formerly known as Syria†, Available from: http://www. economist. com/news/briefing/21572198-sectarian-divisions-deepen-war-changing-country-beyond-recognition-country Last accessed: April 7th, 2013 Finnemore, M. (2003), â€Å"The Purpose of Intervention: Changing Beliefs about the Use of Force†, Cornell University Press Hoffman, S. (1995), â€Å"The Politics and Ethics of Humanitarian Intervention†, Survival: Global Politics and Strategy 37 (4), 29-51 Holzgrefe, J. and Koehane, R. 2003), â€Å"Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal and Political Dilemmas†, Cambridge University Press Kymlicka, W. (2002), â€Å"Contemporary Political Philosophy: An Introduction† 2nd ed. , Oxford University Press Landis, J. (2012), â€Å"The Syrian Uprising of 2011: Why the Asad Regime Is Likely to Survive to 2013†, Middle East Policy 19 (1), 72-84 Lauren, P. (2011), â€Å"The Evolution of International Human Rightsâ €  3rd ed. , University of Pennsylvania Press Nebehay, S. (2012), â€Å"Red Cross Ruling Raises Questions of Syrian War Crimes† Available from: http://uk. reuters. om/article/2012/07/14/uk-syria-crisis-icrc-idUKBRE86D09B20120714 Last accessed: April 7th, 2013 Powers, G. (2012), â€Å"Humanitarian Intervention in Syria: A Classic Just War? † Available from: http://www. huffingtonpost. com/gerard-powers/humanitarian-intervention-and-just-war-in-syria_b_1707436. html Last accessed: April 7th, 2013 Stark, A. (2011), â€Å"The Responsibility to Protect: Challenges and Opportunities in light of the Lybian Intervention†, e-International Relations Teson, F. (2001), â€Å"The Liberal Case for Humanitarian Intervention†, State of Florida College of Law

Free Essays on Durkheim And Crime

For this paper I chose to write about Durkheim’s â€Å"The Normality of Crime† and his overall views on crime and deviance. I agree with his view that crime is a normal part of society, and that only too little or too much is undesirable. A certain amount of crime is in fact good for society, reinforcing the bonds between the general law abiding public. His theory is that the right level of crime would create interaction between the general public leading to solutions to problems; too little crime would see the end of this interaction and the stagnation of society, too much crime would lead to anomie, the loss of shared and dominant guiding principles or normalness. He recognizes crime as being important to the well-being of society and proposes that challenges to established moral and legal laws (deviance and crime, respectively) act to bring together those that were not in opposition to the laws. Recognition and punishment of crimes is, in effect, the very reaffirmation of the laws and moral boundaries of a society. The existence of laws and the strength of the laws are upheld by members of a society when violations are recognized, discussed, and dealt with either by legal punishment (jail, fines, execution) or by social punishment (shame, exile). Durkheim proposed that crime and deviance bring people in a society together. When a law is violated, especially within small communities, everyone talks about it. Meetings are sometimes held, articles are written for local news publications, and in general, a social community rises with activity when a norm is broken. As is most often the case, a violation pushes the non-violators (society as a whole) to cling together in opposition to the violation, reaffirming that society's bond and its obedience to certain norms. There is always evidence of this on the news. On numerous occasions I have seen communities come together because of a murder or kidnapping; lighting candles, having ... Free Essays on Durkheim And Crime Free Essays on Durkheim And Crime For this paper I chose to write about Durkheim’s â€Å"The Normality of Crime† and his overall views on crime and deviance. I agree with his view that crime is a normal part of society, and that only too little or too much is undesirable. A certain amount of crime is in fact good for society, reinforcing the bonds between the general law abiding public. His theory is that the right level of crime would create interaction between the general public leading to solutions to problems; too little crime would see the end of this interaction and the stagnation of society, too much crime would lead to anomie, the loss of shared and dominant guiding principles or normalness. He recognizes crime as being important to the well-being of society and proposes that challenges to established moral and legal laws (deviance and crime, respectively) act to bring together those that were not in opposition to the laws. Recognition and punishment of crimes is, in effect, the very reaffirmation of the laws and moral boundaries of a society. The existence of laws and the strength of the laws are upheld by members of a society when violations are recognized, discussed, and dealt with either by legal punishment (jail, fines, execution) or by social punishment (shame, exile). Durkheim proposed that crime and deviance bring people in a society together. When a law is violated, especially within small communities, everyone talks about it. Meetings are sometimes held, articles are written for local news publications, and in general, a social community rises with activity when a norm is broken. As is most often the case, a violation pushes the non-violators (society as a whole) to cling together in opposition to the violation, reaffirming that society's bond and its obedience to certain norms. There is always evidence of this on the news. On numerous occasions I have seen communities come together because of a murder or kidnapping; lighting candles, having ...

The History of the First Amendment

The History of the First Amendment The first, and most well-known amendment of the constitution reads:   Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. This means that: The U.S. government cannot mandate a certain religion for all its citizens. U.S. citizens  have the right to choose what faith we want to follow.The U.S. government cannot subject its citizens to rules and laws that prohibit them from speaking our minds.The press can print and circulate the news without fear of reprisal, even if that news is less than favorable regarding our country or government.U.S. citizens  have the right to gather toward common goals and interests without interference from the government or the authorities.U.S. Citizens can petition the government to suggest changes and voice concerns.   James Madison and the First Amendment In 1789, James Madison - nicknamed the father of the Constitution - proposed 12 amendments that ultimately became the 10 amendments that make up the U.S. Bill of Rights. Madison was unquestionably the person who wrote the First Amendment in this respect.  But this doesnt mean he was the one who came up with the idea. Several factors complicate his status as an author: Madison initially stood by the unamended Constitution, viewing the Bill of Rights as unnecessary because he did not believe that the federal government would ever become powerful enough to need one.Madisons mentor Thomas Jefferson was ultimately the person who convinced him to change his mind and propose a Bill of Rights. The freedoms described in the First Amendment – separation of church and state, religious free exercise, and the freedoms of speech, press, assembly, and petition – were of particular concern to Jefferson.Jefferson himself was inspired by the work of European Enlightenment philosophers such as John Locke and Cesare Beccaria.The language of the First Amendment was inspired by similar free speech protections written into various state constitutions. While Madison unquestionably wrote the First Amendment, it would be a bit of a stretch to suggest that it was solely his idea or to give him the entire credit for it. His model for a constitutional amendment protecting free expression and freedom of conscience wasnt particularly original and its purpose was merely to honor his mentor. If there is anything outstanding about James Madisons role in the creation of the amendment it was that someone of his position was able to  stand up and call for these protections to be permanently written into the U.S. Constitution.

Ethics and governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethics and governance - Essay Example hat people are ready to pay a greater price, or forego a little taste in the food, to follow the ethical practices and to support what they believe in; hence the increased spending on ethical goods. Recession has called for various phenomenons which were previously absent in consumer behavior. This recession has brought about major changes in the minds and buying patterns of humans. Since premium priced products are bound to lose during recession in such a market which is saturated with other supplementary goods, the sales of ethical products are a question mark in the days of recession (William, 2004). a) Ethics can derive many responses from the consumers; they may be neutral towards products which are ethical, they may be aware about them but don’t consider it an incentive enough to make a purchase or they follow the ethical approach and confine themselves to buying only ethical goods. The two responses that will be evaluated are ethical dilemma and ethical neutrality. Before moving forward, one needs to understand the two responses better in order to grasp the reaction that recession may have created for ethical products. Ethical dilemma refers to an intricate situation during which a person is in a mental conflict of choosing between two or three options, of different moral imperatives. A paradox exists and a person is lost between either acting morally ethical or loosing onto something which is important to that person. Ethical dilemmas usually arise when some ethical system or a moral code that is gaining attention and importance is wanted to criticize or the people want to present the other side of the picture to the people. An example of ethical dilemma from normal life is that of abortion; after an unwanted pregnancy, a woman is faced with the ethical dilemma whether to abort or not, as it is a human life in existence now. Another example from the business perspective is when your family has a non-gifting policy and some suppliers of the co mpany gift

The uses of sonar in medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The uses of sonar in medicine - Essay Example In 2D ultrasound technology alone, many improvements have occurred with reference to resolution, image quality, range of indications and availability. In 3-D scanning, the sound waves are sent in different angles and a sophisticated computer program is used to reconstruct a 3-dimensional volume image using the reflected echoes, thus allowing one to gauge not only the height and width of the organs but also the depth. 3D ultrasound has applications in cardiovascular scanning also. The technology allows quantification of the volume of the plaque and direct visualization of arterial atherosclerosis. 3D ultrasound has has applications in interventional sonology, both in operative interventions and minimally invasive procedures. Therapeutic applications include lithotripsy, tumor ablation, acoustic targeted drug delivery, phacoemulsification, cleaning of teeth, sclerotherapy, lipectomy and elastography. Thus, sonar has wide range application in medical field. Introduction Sonar, commonly known as ultrasound, is a cyclic sound pressure delivered at a frequency that is much above the upper limit of hearing of human beings. Sound waves above 20 kilohertz fall into this category. Sonar is applied for several uses in many fields including medicine. In medicine, sonar is mainly used for diagnostic purposes and is called ultrasound. The method of diagnosis is known as ultrasonography. There are 2 types of sonography, 2D and 3D. 2D is more commonly used. It has has several therapeutic applications. 2D ultrasound is useful to visualize tendons, muscles and many internal organs in order to capture the size, structure and pathological lesions through real time tomographic images. In 2D ultrasound technology alone, many improvements have occurred with reference to resolution, image quality, range of indications and availability. In 3-D scanning, the sound waves are sent in different angles and a sophisticated computer program is used to reconstruct a 3-dimensional volume image using the reflected echoes, thus allowing one