The Budget Process - 1747 Words

1. Budgeting - An Introduction A budget is a plan that outlines an organizations financial or operational goals. It is an action plan. It helps a business allocate resources, evaluate performance, and formulate plans. Understanding the importance of budgeting is the first step in successful financial planning. This tutorial introduces budgeting and the 5 most commonly used methods of budgeting 2. Preparing amp; Controlling a Budget Budgeting is potentially a managers most valuable planning and management tool - but only if budgets are carefully planned and monitored. Depending on the size of the organization, preparing a budget can be a very complex process. This tutorial focuses on important aspects of budgeting - preparation and†¦show more content†¦* Make time for budgeting * If you invest some time in creating a comprehensive and realistic budget, it will be easier to manage and ultimately more effective. * Use last years figures - but only as a guide * Collect historical information on sales and costs if they are available - these could give you a good indication of likely future sales and costs. Its also essential to consider what your sales plans are, how your sales resources will be used and any changes in the competitive environment. * Create realistic budgets * Use historical information, your business plan and any changes in operations or priorities to budget for overheads and other fixed co sts. * Its useful to work out the relationship between variable costs and sales and then use your sales forecast to project variable costs. For example, if your unit costs reduce by 10 per cent for each additional 20 per cent of sales, how much will your unitShow MoreRelatedThe Evolution of the Federal Budget Process989 Words   |  4 PagesFederal spending is necessary for the economy and is essential to the accomplishment of national goals and advancement. This is why a budget is needed, however, there is no actual process mentioned in the Constitution that explains how Congress should do this. The Constitution states: No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to timeRead MoreThe Federal Budget Process Essay2864 Words   |  12 PagesRunning head: The Federal Budget Process The Federal Budget Process Abstract This report focuses on the federal budget process of the United States of America. The annual federal budget begins with a detailed proposal from the President in February. The budget request is developed by the President’s Office of Management and Budget (OMB). Next, Congress creates a blueprint called a budget resolution that sets limits on how much each committee can spend (or reduce revenues)Read MoreBalancing The Federal Budget Process2282 Words   |  10 PagesJoint Paper: Balancing the Federal Budget Luis A. Santiago-Gaetan, Abby Baumann, and Erin Kirchner University of Massachusetts-Amherst Introduction This is Red Team’s joint paper on balancing the budget of the government of the United States of America. Red Team’s (from here on we/our) position regarding balancing the budget and reducing the federal deficit varies slightly. In many ways some team members believe that the federal budget is much like any other budget, with a set amount of money comingRead MoreBalancing The Federal Budget Process2278 Words   |  10 PagesBalancing the Federal Budget Luis A. Santiago-Gaetan, Abby Baumann, and Erin Kirchner University of Massachusetts-Amherst Introduction This is Red Team’s joint paper on balancing the budget of the government of the United States of America. Red Team’s (from here on we/our) position regarding balancing the budget and reducing the federal deficit varies slightly. In many ways some team members believe that the federal budget is much like any other budget, with a set amount of money coming in, a setRead MoreKenya’s Budget Making Process.1537 Words   |  7 PagesDiscuss comprehensively with relevant examples Kenya’s budget making process. A budget is a financial plan and a list of all planned expenses and revenues. It is a plan for saving, borrowing and spending. In summary, the purpose of budgeting is to: †¢ Provide a forecast of revenues and expenditures, that is, construct a model of how our business might perform financially if certain strategies, events and plans are carried out. †¢ Enable the actual financial operation of the business to be measuredRead MoreThe Federal Government Budget Process1761 Words   |  8 Pagesto the budget and how they decide what to spend things on. Some people just tend to look at a country and see a huge amount of debt and just assume that the country isn’t doing well. When people look at the United States of America they see a country that is a world power. People see a country that overcame many conflicts and is still trying to develop further, as much as possible. A country that has a lot of opportunities. But those opportunities would be in place if there wasn’t a process for theRead MoreLaw Enforcement Budget Process Essay2031 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿ Law Enforcement and It’s Budget Process LEA 432 William Forbes October 7, 2012 Law Enforcement and it’s Budget Process The economic downturn of the past several years has been devastating to local economies and, by extension, their local law enforcement agencies. According to a report by the National Institute of Justice, the United States is currently experiencing the 10th economic decline since World War II (Wiseman 2011). The impactRead MoreThe State Of New York s Budget Process1144 Words   |  5 PagesThe State of New York’s budget process involves six phases namely: The Call; The Executive Budget; Public Hearings; Legislative Amendments; Enactment Phase; and Implementation Phase. The budget process or cycle formally begins after the budget director issues the memorandum policy referred to as â€Å"The Call Letter† to heads of agencies. The Call Letter marks the official commencement of the budget process and starts at August and last through to October. As the early-mid fall approaches, each agencyRead MoreThe Role of Nigerian National Assembly in the Budget Process3201 Words   |  13 PagesTHE ROLE OF NIGERIAN NATIONAL ASSEMBLY IN THE BUDGET PROCESS A PAPER WRITTEN BY DANIEL OMOLEWA OGUNSOLA APRIL, 2009 Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary 3 2. Introduction 4 3. Balance of Budgetary Powers 5 4. The National Assembly in Nigeria’s Budget Process 7 4.1. Legal Framework 8 4.2. Institutional capacity 10 4.2.1 Effective Appropriation Committee Capacity 10 4.2.1 Establishment of a Budget Office 10 a. Journey So Far 11 b. Challenges 11 c. Prospects 11 4.3 Political WillRead MoreCapital Budget Process With Expansionary Versus Replacement1273 Words   |  6 PagesCapital Budget Process with Expansionary Versus Replacement This report is a comparative analysis of the capital budget process during making decision of expansionary versus replacement. With the objective it is the goal to maximize the wealth company and its shareholders. This process can include expansion or replacement or replacing them and which ones better show capital budgeting will help in processing the difference. Replacement decision concerns whether an existing asset should replaced by

Effectiveness Of The Jackson County Oregon - 1907 Words

The Effectiveness of the Jackson County Oregon Community Family Court Brandi Briggs Arizona State University CRJ 308-16169 spring 2015 Dr. Gary Sweeten The Effectiveness of the Jackson County Oregon Community Family Court According to the National Association of Drug Court Professionals (NADCP), 1 out of every 100 people in the United States has been incarcerated (â€Å"The Facts on Drugs,† n.d.). Substance abuse is partly to blame. Approximately 60 percent of prison inmates had a positive drug test when they were arrested (National Institute of Justice, 1999). A judge supervises community family drug courts and assists non-violent parents with drug related issues while still holding them accountable for their crimes. Drug courts are†¦show more content†¦Census Bureau, n.d.). In 2001, the Jackson County Oregon CFC program was started (Carey, S.M. et al., 2010, p. II). The program length takes at least 12 months to complete and involves three different phases of treatments and requirements in order to graduate successfully. Participation in the program was determined on an individual basis by the court. Participants were excluded if they refused to admit they had a substance abuse probl em or were charged with a felony. Participation or graduation from the program does not guarantee successful family reunification (Office of Justice Programs, n.d.). The CFC program incorporates the â€Å"Ten Key Components of Drug Courts† guidelines that are a national standard set by the NADCP to assess drug court programs (Carey, S.M. et al., 2010, p. I). One key component the CFC program included using a multi-disciplinary team approach that was coordinated with the court system. By using multiple agencies such as the court system, drug treatment programs and child-welfare systems the program was able to promote better results with participant recovery and family reunification (U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Programs Bureau of Justice Assistance, 2004). Treatments and programs were individualized to each participant’s unique needs. Participants were also screened and placed in treatment quickly which, in the long run, resulted in less time for the child to be in foster care. Placing participants inShow MoreRelatedRogue Community College ( Nsc )779 Words   |  4 PagesThe organization I chose is my current workplace, and that of five years, Rogue Community College (RCC). Established in 1970, RCC serves residents in Jackson and Josephine counties at eight different learning centers in Grants Pass, Medford, White City and the Illinois Valley. A non-profit, comprehensive, two-year, public community college, RCC offers six two-year degrees, 73 career and technical training programs, 22 Career Pathways certificates; and a variety of workforce and short-term trainingRead MoreActive Shooter7891 Words   |  32 Pagesof these solutions presented is that not all school districts have the proper budget and staff to carry out all of these prevention and reaction strategies. Emergency Plans Many of the school shooting incidents bring up new concern about the effectiveness of school safety. This concern is felt by school administrators, teachers, students and parents. In every incident of a school shooting, the safety and security of the school was compromised. The incidents resulted in serious injury and death toRead MoreFundamental Financial Accounting Concepts13807 Words   |  56 PagesAppalachian State University Patricia Bancroft, Bridgewater State University Debbie Benson, Kennesaw State University J. Lawrence Bergin, Winona State University Eddy Birrer, Gonzaga University Lindsey Boyer, Central Piedmont Community College Amy Bourne, Oregon State University Barry Buchoff, Towson University Georgia Buckles, Manchester Community College Jackie Burke, Hofstra University Roscoe Eugene Bryson, University of Alabama in Huntsville Sandra Byrd, Missouri State University Mark Camma, AtlanticRead MoreGrassland Ecosystems13817 Words   |  56 PagesImplementation of many o f the proposed adaptations for maintaining and restoring resilience will require conservation-oriented planning that allows examination of local decisions in a regional context (Soule and Terbourgh, 1999; Dale et al., 2000). Optimally, counties, states, conservation organizations, and land trusts should work cooperatively to develop large-scale land use plans that aim to achieve the complementary goals of determining which habitats should receive some form of protection, and which landsRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesIncompatibility 450 †¢ Stage II: Cognition and Personalization 451 †¢ Stage III: Intentions 452 †¢ Stage IV: Behavior 454 †¢ Stage V: Outcomes 455 Negotiation 458 Bargaining Strategies 458 †¢ The Negotiation Process 463 †¢ Individual Differences in Negotiation Effectiveness 464 †¢ Third-Party Negotiations 467 Summary and I mplications for Managers 469 S A L Self-Assessment Library What’s My Preferred Conflict-Handling Style? 446 Myth or Science? â€Å"Communicating Well Is More Important in Cross-Cultural Negotiations†Read MoreOperational Management36687 Words   |  147 PagesOperations and Productivity Operations Strategy in a Global Environment Total Quality Management Forecasting Design of Goods and Services Process Strategy and Capacity Planning Location Strategies Human Resources, Job Design and Organisational Effectiveness Supply Chain Management Inventory Management and JIT Systems Aggregate Scheduling Materials Resources Planning (MRPII) Project Management Bibliography Title of Section Page 3-6 7 - 24 25 - 36 37 - 54 55 - 72 73 - 84 85 - 102 103 - 116 117 - 138Read More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesB. Finger Nicholls State University Steven Garren James Madison University Tyler Haynes Saginaw Valley State University Sonja Hensler St. Petersburg College Trish Hutchinson Angelo State University Bessie Kirkwood Sweet Briar College Jeff Kollath Oregon State University ââ€"   Preface xxi Christopher Lacke Rowan University Michael Leitner Louisiana State University Zia Mahmood College of DuPage Art Mark Georgoa Military College David Mathiason Rochester Institute of Technology Bob Mattson EurekaRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesmanagerIal funcTIons One very common way to view management is as a set of common processes or functions that, when properly carried out, lead to organizational efficiency Managing in Today’s Libraries and Information Centers     and effectiveness. The managerial functions are those tasks that managers perform as part of their managerial positions. These functions can be classified in various ways,6 but, regardless of the terminology used, it is generally agreed that managers perform fiveRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesUnsolicited Applicants 143 Preemployment Testing 160 Performance Simulation Tests 160 Work Sampling 160 Assessment Centers 160 Testing in a Global Arena 160 DID YOU KNOW?: Too Much Information 161 Comprehensive Interviews 161 Interview Effectiveness 162 Interview Issues 162 Interview Bias 162 Online Recruiting 143 Effective Recruiting 144 Recruitment Alternatives 145 Temporary Help Services 145 Employee Leasing 145 Independent Contractors 145 Workplace Issues: â€Å"Best Practice† IdeasRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesDuke University, for their work on the supplement on making oral and written presentations; Gretchen Spreitzer of the University of Southern California for her work on the chapter on gaining power and influence; Richard M. Steers of the University of Oregon for his work on the motivation chapter; Pat Seybolt and Troy Nielsen of the University of Utah for their work on the chapter on managing conflict; Cathy German of Miami University for her assistance in revising Supplement A, and John Tropman, University

Customs Union Free Essays

string(89) " could become a platform for negotiations and decision making over regional integration\." Outline I. Introduction Thesis statement: The Customs Union for Russia, Kazakhstan, and Belarus is a purposeful union, which serves to meet several aims. II. We will write a custom essay sample on Customs Union or any similar topic only for you Order Now Body A. In the light of common aspiration to the WTO accession, it is worth of examining why preference of states was given to multilateral over preferential trade. B. The idea of the multilateral cooperation and creation of a common economic space, elimination of borders and regional integration is not new in the post-Soviet space. 1. â€Å"Putinomics† an attempt of Putin to bring back Soviet Union and Russian supremacy; 2. â€Å"Eurasian Union† similar to â€Å"ASEAN†; C. In theory, customs unions are created to eliminate the trade barriers and decrease customs obligations between several states. 1. It requires confidence in partners and share of responsibilities; 2. single economic region; D. There are many different assumptions why Customs Union was created. 1. supremacy of Russia over the territory of the former Soviet states; 2. a strategic step in the WTO accession; 3. reduction of Chinese influence and prevent massive imports of Chinese goods; 4. beneficial for entrepreneurs and domestic production enterprises; 5. fair competition; 6. ffective legal protection against corrupt schemes and fraud mechanisms; E. Several other post-Soviet neighboring states were also invited to join the club. 1. The Ukraine; 2. Tajikistan; 3. Kyrgyzstan; F. It is noteworthy of saying that pre-existing Customs Union trade relations and economic ties cannot be described as dynamic ones. 1. statistical numbers; G. An interesting observation is that â€Å"with few ex ceptions, all the countries bordering the Western fringes of the former Soviet Union have intensified their trade relations with the European Union as well as with China, whose importance in Central Asian trade has been growing. . statistical data; H. Official Astana firmly defended its position on the Customs Union accession, and denied any political motivations behind the membership of the alliance with Russia and Belarus. 1. a unified customs territory would make Kazakhstan even more attractive for foreign investors; 2. geopolitical position, as the largest land-locked country; 3. access to global markets; 4. expand trade with Russia and China; 5. diversity of economy through technological and service advances; I. Belarusian position toward the Customs Union brought many obstacles. 1. â€Å"arm-twisting† politics of the Kremlin; 2. Russian pressure; J. At first it seemed that Russia benefited from creation of the Customs Union more than others, as it has the largest market and biggest production industries. 1. diversification of opinions; K. What does the World Trade Organization is? 1. a network of agreements; 2. a single system, which regulates trade relations of members; 3. advantages and requirements; L. The decision to create the Customs Union between three states could signal willingness to engage in deeper cooperation and integration, and thus, the WTO accession provides access to more states willing to cooperate and a platform for finding new â€Å"friends†. . advantages and disadvantages of being a member of WTO; M. Russia was the only Security Council and G8 member not on the WTO, thus its accession was a requirement to be fully admitted as one of the superpowers. 1. further policy of Russia toward Kazakhstan and Belarus; III. Conclusion Creation of the Customs Union between Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan caused a lot of debates about why these countries are forming the union, what are the benefits that they get and why exactly these states? First of all, I would like to define the meaning of â€Å"Customs Union†. According to Business Dictionary â€Å"Customs Union is an agreement  between two or more (usually neighboring)  countries to remove  trade barriers, and reduce or eliminate  customs duty on  mutual trade. A customs union (unlike a  free trade area) generally imposes a  common external-tariff (CTF) on  imports from non-member countries and (unlike a  common market) generally does not allow  free  movement of  capital and  labor among member countries† (Business Dictionary. com, n. d. ). In part, debates were around preference of regional over multilateral trade, as for many years Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan aspired to join the World Trade Organization (WTO); therefore, creation of the Customs Union was at first seen as an alternative to the WTO accession. However, just after the ratification of the Customs Union charter and all relevant agreements, Russia joins WTO club and leaves the rest to wonder what is going to happen to the Customs Union. The Customs Union for Russia, Kazakhstan, and Belarus is a purposeful union, which serves to meet several aims. In the light of common aspiration to the WTO accession, it is worth of examining why preference of states was given to multilateral over preferential trade. In particular what pre-conditions existed prior to the Customs Union creation that inspired Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan to create the Union and what benefits it provided that three states could not obtain by joining the WTO only? The idea of the multilateral cooperation and creation of a common economic space, elimination of borders and regional integration is not new in the post-Soviet space. Adelaja (2012) asserts that a number of political scientists and former Soviet Republics believe in so called â€Å"Putinomics† – an attempt of Putin to bring back Soviet Union and Russian supremacy (p. 1). It is difficult to label the Customs Union creation an attempt to bring back the Soviet Union and expansion of the Russian authority over the territory of the former Soviet states. However, the countries are clearly bound by the common past that unlike others (Ukraine, Turkmenistan) makes Kazakhstan and Belarus seek for cooperation with Russia. According to Eurasian Union (n. d. , another regional cooperation the idea of â€Å"Eurasian Union† belongs to Nursultan Nazarbaev, the idea is to create a union similar to ASEAN (p. 3). After collapse of the Soviet Union, states tend to isolate themselves from their post-Soviet neighbors and especially from Russia. In part, it happens due to unwillingness to cooperate with possibly depending neighbors and also due to t he aspiration to get rid of rudiments of the Soviet centralized economy that intentionally established mutual dependence of the Union states. Thus, existing regional organizations are not effective in terms of policy implementation. CIS and EurAsEC could become a platform for negotiations and decision making over regional integration. You read "Customs Union" in category "Papers" However, states are reluctant to give up their sovereignty and create supranational body authorized to decide on behalf of its member states. Instead, states were defining their foreign policies depending on national interest and regional integration was not one of them. Thus, Customs Union between Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan could become first real and effectively operating regional cooperation body, where states would indeed execute provisions of signed agreements and declarations. In theory, customs unions are created to eliminate the trade barriers and decrease customs obligations between several states. It requires confidence in partners and share of responsibilities. Initially, the Customs Union was created and signed by Kazakhstan and Russia. Belarus was negotiating its interests with Russia and postponed ratification of the agreement until July 2011. To illustrate the advantages of the union, official media was speculating with huge market that the Customs Union opens for three states. The union has a population of 167 million, a total GDP of USD 2 trillion and goods turnover of USD 900 billion. The aim of the Customs Union is to create a single economic region and eliminate the state borders and to facilitate the freedom of movement† (Krotov, 2010, p. 1). According to Prajakti and Varadzhakov (2012), further to demonstrate that the Customs Union brings advantages not only to Russia, official media reported Kazakhstan agriculture and steel sectors w ill benefit from newly introduced import duties for non-Customs Union member states (p. ). In addition, Kazakh and Belarus obtained access to Russian labor market. In general, the Customs Union agreements should have improved quality of goods, increase competition and help diversify economies of three states. There are many different assumptions why Customs Union was created. Some see hidden agenda and conspiracy behind creation of the union. Opponents of the Customs Union claim that it only benefits Russia and establishes its supremacy over the territory of the former Soviet states. Zlatkin (2012) comments that opponents also interpret Belarus unwillingness to join the union as a rebellion against Russia, and say that in the end Belarus was forced to join the union. Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus (2012) Russian supporters say that the creation of the Customs Union was a strategic step in the WTO accession, as it was obvious that Russia will become a member first and then it will promote its partners in the WTO accession (p. 1). In the end, they add that Russia needs reliable partners and friends in the WTO and promotion of Kazakhstan and Belarus interests still benefits Russia. Russia, Belarus, Kazakh (2012) claim that the Customs Union was created to reduce Chinese influence and prevent massive imports of Chinese goods (p. 1). Other reasons are less sophisticated and mostly indicate economic benefits that three states obtain from participation in the union. â€Å"Eurasian Development Bank study released, that the effects of economic integration of 2011 – 2030 will reach 14% of gross domestic product of Belarus, 3. 5% in Kazakhstan, and Russia (2%)† (Russia, Belarus, Kazakh, 2012, p. ). The Customs Union was also said to be beneficial for entrepreneurs and domestic production enterprises, as they got greater market access, fair competition and effective legal protection against corrupt schemes and fraud mechanisms. Decreased trade barriers should have contributed to the free movement of goods and services between three countries, and improved quality of products. Russia, Belarus, Kazakh (2012) states that in total, Customs Union opened access to about 170 million consumers (p. ). Several other post-Soviet neighboring states were also invited to join the club. In particular they were Tajikistan, Ukraine, and Kyrgyzstan. None of three Central Asian countries have fully considered and started the Customs Union accession negotiations. Ukraine was assessing and comparing its benefits from the Customs Union versus WTO accession, as well as waiting for the decision on Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (DCFTA) with the European Union. Adilaja (2012) asserts that in a while, official Kiev preferred to abandon its plans on the Customs Union accession negotiations, saying that this will destroy its ongoing negotiations with the European Union. According to Russia’s Inevitable (2012) asserts that for Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan, membership in the Custom Union would have brought access to the labor market and increase cooperation in the field of the energy resources supply with Russia and Kazakhstan (p. 2). Although, Kyrgyzstan is currently a member of the WTO, its historical ties and economic dependency on Russian energy resources contributed to its willingness to join another union with Russia. It is noteworthy of saying that pre-existing Customs Union trade relations and economic ties cannot be described as dynamic ones. â€Å"European Union Institute for Security Studies describes trade relations between Customs Union member states prior to the Customs Union creation. In particular, share of intra-CU trade to the total amount of trade of CU-member states within three years prior to CU creation. Thus, 48. 1% of Belarusian the total amount of trade in 2008 accounts for Russia and Kazakhstan. While only 7. 3% of Russian trade turnover in 2008 accounts for Belarus and Kazakhstan. And 18. 8% of the total volume of Kazakhstan trade turnover accounted for Russia and Belarus in the same period. 2009 indicators did not change significantly, but in 2010, the year of establishment of the Customs Union, the share of intra-customs union trade of Russia dropped† (Zagorski, 2012, p. 5). An interesting observation is that â€Å"with few exceptions, all the countries bordering the Western fringes of the former Soviet Union have intensified their trade relations with the European Union as well as with China, whose importance in Central Asian trade has been growing. There is a trend that between 41 and 45% of Russian exports to former Soviet states are currently comprised of energy resources, while 39 percent of its imports consist of machines and equipment† (Adelaja, 2012, p. ). These facts makes many experts doubt trade relations of the Customs Union states; while others suggest that the Customs Union could become a fundamental change in relations between former Soviet states and that become a push to growth in trade. The figures mentioned above, as well as the fact that post-Soviet states were reluctant to form another union, made the decision to establish the Customs Union look spontaneous and unjustified. However, throughout the whole process of negotiations and ratification of the Customs Union policies and implementation of the necessary procedures, official governments were justifying their decision to create a union and finding new benefits of the participation in the regional cooperation between three states. Although not all of them played in a concert, all three were citing economic benefits that countries obtain from the participation in the regional union. Official Astana firmly defended its position on the Customs Union accession, and denied any political motivations behind the membership of the alliance with Russia and Belarus. Kazakhstan officials were speculating that â€Å"a unified customs territory would make Kazakhstan even more attractive for foreign investors who have considered Kazakhstan as one of the most attractive markets in our part of the world† (Accession to the WTO, n. d. , p. 1). Kazakhstan also speculated over its geopolitical position, as the largest land-locked country and the state with the most number of transit routes that will ensure large income from transit tariffs. For Kazakhstan the membership in the Customs Union will increase access to global markets, expand trade with Russia and China, and diversity of economy through technological and service advances. Belarusian position toward the Customs Union brought many obstacles. Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko has openly complained about the â€Å"arm-twisting† politics of the Kremlin, saying that his country had been under pressure to cede control of some of its juiciest companies like Belarusian potassium company (Belkali) and Belarus’ state-run Minsk Automobile Plant (MAZ) unless the country joined the union. â€Å"Given the importance of ‘champion enterprises’ such as MAZ and Belkali for Belarus or Gazprom for Russia, it is still unclear how the states can agree on regulating these enterprises with supranational institutions, especially when they are governed not by economic, but by political logic,† said George Plaschinsky, an associate analyst at th e Center for European Transformation in Minsk. â€Å"Previously the Russian authorities had an experience of imposing different decisions on gas and oil companies in order to achieve some political aims and assert them as the ‘energy superpower. † (Russia’s Customs Union, 2012, p. 2). At first it seemed that Russia benefited from creation of the Customs Union more than others, as it has the largest market and biggest production industries. Experts suggested that some competition from Kazakh and Belarusian producers will be beneficial, but not risky for Russian producers and entrepreneurs. In addition, it will create positive conditions for transition from Soviet centralized to market economy. Russia would also benefit from the labor market of its neighbors, as Russia’s own demographic situation is worse than in Kazakhstan and its population is aging. It is also working on North and South stream gas pipelines to bypass such transit countries, such as Ukraine. Thus, a union with some of its neighbors would ensure protection of Russia’s interests and concessional conditions for pipelines placement. In addition to traditional argument on competition for the regional dominance in the Central Asia, a union would solve some tensions between Russia and neighboring states regarding debt payment for gas supply, political influence and alliances creation. However, some experts were more skeptical. â€Å"Some businesses are likely to move to the neighboring states, like Kazakhstan, where the investment climate is more favorable,† said Alexei Devyatov, the chief economist at Ural Sib Capital (Adelaja, 2012, p. 2). Russia might also lose from the opening of it market to the labor from Kazakhstan and Belarus, as Russia also has a huge population of unskilled and unqualified population hat will be left out from participation in the marked taken over by foreign nationals. Considering positions of the Customs Union member states expressed above, it is crucial to consider what regulations or conditions influenced Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan in their decision to access WTO. What does the World Trade Organization is? The WTO is a network of agreements. It unites states around the world into a single system and regulates their trade relations. The WTO member states may chose the degree if integration, but should aspire to opening of deeper and wider access to domestic markets. The WTO member states are allowed to create the regional agreements and unions within the organization. General goal of the organization is free trade and liberalization of the economies. As it was mentioned above, the Customs Union between Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan was also created to facilitate liberalization and decrease trade barriers without fully abolishing tariffs. The WTO does not require elimination of borders, unlike the customs union that stipulates common border and single economic space. Thus, the Customs Union requires deeper integration of its member states than primary WTO accession documents. The decision to create the Customs Union between three states could signal willingness to engage in deeper cooperation and integration, and thus, the WTO accession provides access to more states willing to cooperate and a platform for finding new â€Å"friends†. Creation of the Customs union with outside WTO partners can also be a sign that the state relies on partners who do not necessarily share the idea of free trade on global level. Interestingly, with the creation of the Customs Union, Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus enhanced WTO accession process. In this case, the creation of the trade liberalization institution could be an illustration of states’ readiness to access the WTO and negotiate conditions. The main reason of the WTO accession for many states is said to be a wide access to foreign markets and integration into a global club of â€Å"advanced† nations. Some of the advantages are improved competition that ensures supply of qualified products, attraction of more foreign investors to the country, securing their interests and protection by legislation common in the WTO space, as well as lowering the costs of running business. According to General benefits from WTO (n. d. , however, there are also some disadvantages of being a WTO member, such as limited abilities to protect infant industries, inability to compete with advanced economies, prohibition of governmental subsidies and elimination of fixed currency rates (p. 1). Economies of state applicants for the WTO accession should be ready for a drastic chang e and shock therapies. Even with the transitional period, the changes brought by the WTO accession and commitments made by states are significant. Russia was the only Security Council and G8 member not on the WTO, thus its accession was a requirement to be fully admitted as one of the superpowers. Putin and other Russian governmental officials assured other Customs Union member states that with the accession of Russia to the WTO, it is still going to preserve the Customs Union and keep close relations with Belarus and Kazakhstan. Furthermore, Russia has promised promotion of two countries in their accession to the WTO. Experts believe that Russia will not abandon its partners, as it is still interested in integration of the post-Soviet states, and will not give up on the struggle for domination in the region. Therefore, even after the WTO accession it is not efficient for Russia to exclude Kazakhstan and Belarus from its foreign policy. In case Kazakhstan is left outside of the WTO, it will become a reliable partner of Russia outside of the organization. While Belarus can be more reluctant in implementation of the agreement reached before the WTO accession. Thus, Russia will probably use more force to get Belarus remain in the union. Since Russia dominates in the union, in case all member states access the WTO, Russia will be established as a single power in the region that decides on economic and political processes. Other states will be bound by obligations under the agreements, and since their accession comes after Russia, it is most likely that they will negotiate similar if not the same tariffs as Russia did. Considering unequal political positions of the Customs Union member states, and economic ties prior to the creation of the Union that did not directly contributed to the establishment of the union, it can be assumed that the Customs Union was created as a demonstration of the commitment to the trade liberalization and aspiration to be a part of the globalized world. It is also important to mention that it is a Russian-led union and neither economies of its partner states or their political leadership are sufficiently competitive to challenge Russian industries, market and politics. Russia played very important role in the promotion of the idea of the union, and the Customs Union could become the first effectively working regional integration mechanism on the post-Soviet space. However, since Russia aspired to join the WTO, Customs Union member states have to catch up and also join the club, although they might be less interested in it than Russia. Bibliography Adelaja, T. (2012). Putinomics Abroad. Russia Profile, Section: Politics. Retrieved November 16, 2012 http://russiaprofile. org/politics/57118/print_edition/ Krotov, I. (2010). Customs Union between the Republic of Belarus, the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Community. World Customs Journal, 5 (2). Retrieved November 16, 2012, from http://www. worldcustomsjournal. org/media/wcj/-2011/2/Krotov. pdf Prajakti, K. , Varadzhakov, S. (2012). The Customs Union between Russia, Kazakhstan and Belarus: First Steps Towards the Rivaval of the Silk Road, Academia, 894. Retrieved November 18, 2012, from http://cambridge-centralasia. academia. edu/PrajaktiKalra/Papers/472081/The_Customs_Union_between_Russia_Kazakhstan_and_Belarus_First_Steps_towards_the_Revival_of_the_Silk_Road Zagorski, A. (2012). Russia’s neighbourhood policy. European Union Institute for Security Studies. Retrieved November 16, 2012, from http://www. iss. europa. eu/publications/detail/article/russias-neighbourhood-policy/ Zlatkin, I. (2012). A Sovereign Surge, Not a Soviet Resurgence: The Mutualism of Eurasian Reintegration. SRAS, The Journal of Russia and Asian Studies. Retrieved November 17, 2012, from http://www. sras. org/a_sovereign_surge_not_a_soviet_resurgence_the_mutualism_of_eurasian_reintegration IXGV, Financial News, â€Å"Russia, Belarus, Kazakh customs union will benefit enterprises in Asia†. (2012). p. 1. Retrieved November 17, 2012, from http://www. ixgw. com/2012/05/russia-belarus-kazakh-customs-union-will-benefit-enterprises-in-asia/ Astana Economic Forum, News, â€Å"Nursultan Nazarbayev  «Eurasian Union: from idea to the history of the future »Ã¢â‚¬ , (n. d. ), pp. 1 – 10. Retrieved November 16, 2012, from http://aef. kz/upload/news/statya%20Nazarbayeva. pdf Belarus Digest, Economy, â€Å"WTO v. Customs Union: Russia Decides†. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 17, 2012, from http://belarusdigest. com/story/wto-v-customs-union-russia-decides-7434 Business Dictionary. com. (n. d. ). Retrieved November 16, 2012, from http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/customs-union. html Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Discover Kazakhstan, Economy, â€Å"Accession to the WTO†, (n. d. ). Retrieved November 18, 2012, from http://www. kazakhembus. com/page/wto-accession The Fish Site, News and Analysis, â€Å"Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus Keep Customs Union†, (2012). p. 1. Retrieved November 18, 2012, from http://www. thefishsite. com/fishnews/17679/russia-kazakhstan-belarus-keep-customs-union U. S. A. Poultry and Eggs Export Council, News, Analysis, â€Å"Russia’s Inevitable Customs Union in Central Asia†. (2012). pp. 1 – 3. Retrieved November 17, 2012, from http://www. usapeec. kz/en/news/10204/ How to cite Customs Union, Papers

Matthew Stevenson free essay sample

Matthew Stevenson acknowledges several authors and battles, which serve to parallel his own points and strengthen his arguments. He references the author of The Thin Red Line, James Jones, who wrote a war account that â€Å"got it right† (367). His army experience before and during the war strongly influenced his writing, while his wartime injury significantly impacted his â€Å"pessimistic† (368) style. Stevenson alludes to his work because of its â€Å"clinical, pinpoint accuracy† (367), recounting the fear, brutality, courage, and cowardice characteristic of the war. Essentially, he is included because, â€Å"†¦the voice I hear in Jones is one that, at times, I can recognize in my father’s accounts of the war† (368). Stevenson’s father is the primary basis for his interest in Guadalcanal, so naturally, a writer that reflects his father’s perspective on the war would be of interest to him. Also mentioned is Richard Holmes, a member of the Department of War Studies at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst, and the author of Acts of War, which â€Å"describes the sociology of battle† (368). We will write a custom essay sample on Matthew Stevenson or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It provides a historically accurate portrayal of experiences during war, such as what happens during artillery fire, the results of alcohol and combat, and the effects of being wounded. He introduces an element of honor by writing that â€Å"men fight, not out of hatred of the enemy, but to maintain the respect of their peers† (368), and that â€Å"the death of a friend is often what ignites an atrocity† (368), both serving to add a humanistic element to the war and somewhat uphold an admirable image of the war. In an alternately negative light, Stevenson writes about Richard Tregaskis, the American journalist and author whose best-known work, Guadalcanal Diary, is labeled as one of the â€Å"bad books† written about the period. Stevenson claims that his â€Å"shortcoming was that, as a reporter, he was free to leave the island at any time† but others â€Å"had to stick around until they were killed, wounded, taken prisoner, or relieved† (368). This displays the great divide between the observers and participants of the war, a distinction that Stevenson attempts to cast into sharp relief. Stevenson incorporates the mention of battles to better identify the nature of Guadalcanal. He specifically refers to the Battle of the Tenaru, or Battle of the Ilu River, which was the first major Japanese land offensive during the Guadalcanal campaign. During the battle, the U. S. successfully repulsed a Japanese assault, and spawned Stevenson’s interest â€Å"because that is where Americans first defeated Japanese infantry and where my father led a bayonet charge into enemy lines† (364). It offers an example of a predominantly face-to-face battle, with both sides in the â€Å"swirling gun smoke, lunging, stabbing, and smashing with bayonets and rifle butts† (364). Stevenson’s father was faced with a hand grenade, in this battle, resulting in the brutally personal killing of the Japanese soldier. The death count of this battle was about nine hundred men, and he likens an image showing the â€Å"rows of dead Japanese soldiers pressed into the sand† (364) to one from the battle of Gettysburg. Gettysburg was the battle with the largest amount of casualties in the American civil war, often seen as the war’s turning point, much like Guadalcanal and its pivotal successes over the Japanese. Stevenson also recalls the â€Å"stories†¦told about the Normandy beaches† (357), referencing D-Day, the allied invasion of Normandy, involving a complicated plan of both land troops and an airborne divisions, resulting in horrendous casualties. Stevenson’s describes it and others as â€Å"war stories [that] were vivid scenes in the tableau that explained not just something about my father, but what it was to fight in a war† (357). It presents a personal and sociological interest that reinforces Stevenson’s motivation.

The Crucible Act free essay sample

This meant that God chose each person from birth for salvation or damnation. Only God knew the fate of a person and nothing you did would change it. They lived very strict lives that adhered to the divine law and you were condemned if you didn’t obey it. 2. When Abigail accuses Tituba of witchcraft just to get the pressure off of her and so that they would stop asking her questions. More evidence is found when we discover the affair between Abigail and proctor which could be the reason why Abigail tries to hide the truth about what really happened. An alternative is that they just wanted to do something daring and fun because Puritans were very strict and they didn’t have that much freedom. Or they wanted to use witchcraft to make potions to get men to fall in love with them. 3. Reverend Paris is the minister of Salem. We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible Act or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He caught his daughter Betty, Ruth Putnam, and Abigail Williams dancing with Tituba in the woods. He thinks they were performing witchcraft and now he’s worried that he’ll be kicked out of the town for having a witch as a daughter. He is a paranoid, attention seeking, self-absorbed person. Most people in the town don’t like him. 4. Thomas Putnam was a very wealthy man who wanted to increase his wealth buy accusing people of witchcraft and then buying their land. Ann Putnam is Thomas Putnam’s wife who is woman who has experienced many deaths and has bad dreams. She thinks that witchcraft was the reason that she had 7 stillborn children, so she’s okay with blaming these deaths on the supernatural and wants justice for the â€Å"wicked doings† of someone else. Ruth Putnam is the only surviving child of the Putnams. She fell ill along with Betty after Reverend Parris found them dancing in the woods. Ruth goes to Tituba to conjure spirits so she’d be able to communicate with her dead siblings because her mother asked her to. 5. It became suspicious when we found out that Elizabeth didn’t want to sit near Abigail (whom she fired), despite the fact that Abigail has denied doing anything wrong. The commentary gives us a bit of background information and helps us understand some of the things going on in the story. On page 1241 the 5 paragraphs of commentary go into detail about Thomas Putnam, discussing his background life and personality. From this commentary we now know that Putnam was very wealthy and he felt like he had superiority over everyone else. He has a vindictive, revengeful, and bitter personality. This gives us insight into the character so that we can deeply understand them which will help us grasp the story better.

sociocultural aspects essays

sociocultural aspects essays At the beginning of this semester, I went into a classroom without the intentions of it having any impact of my life. What I did not know was that this course held not only a vision for the future but also answers to my past. Growing up, I was influenced by a society that was inhabited almost entirely by whites. For that reason only, I have been completely unaware of any bias or unfair treatment to minority and female students. Because of this upbringing, I found many incidences discussed in class quite unbelievable. However, my views on our society and the educational system have been broadened which leads me to believe that the teachers of the future now have the key to a fair, unbias education for each student that enters the school. I was also fortunate this semester to engage in mentoring a young African-American student named James. Although this assignment was geared toward working with a student from a different culture in order to examine the differences in our lives as well as our values, I think that it was very fortunate for not only my experience but also for the students experience that we shared so many of the same hurdles growing up. The death of a sibling as well as the experience at multiple schools as the new student are just a few of the ways in which James and I were quite similar. As many people know, dealing with issues like this can be quite hazardous to how a young child develops into a functioning adult. Because James and I are linked based on our past, we were able to share with each other more honestly than we have before. With that, we grew from one anothers experiences and found the answers to our past with and through each other. As I said before, the course discussions and lectures that I experienced had a dynamic impact on my personal beliefs and values. Honestly, I hardly ever had an ounce of belief in the books we read and discussed or even the topics brought u...

The Wright Brothers Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Wright Brothers - Research Paper Example Before they developed the first aero plane, they had a shop with bicycles, motors and printing press in Dayton, Ohio (Palamana, 20). Their bicycle work greatly influenced their discovery as they learnt with time that an unstable object could be controlled with practice (Fred, 109). They were so enthusiastic about photography and it soon became an important part of their new discovery. Their new portable cameras enabled them to learn from the mistakes they made and also it was used as proof of their eventual success (Wright, 223). Their achievement was basically both artistic and technological bearing in mind that the artists were among the first ones to celebrate their discovery (Gavin, 73). Soon after, they found out that their invention was not warmly received in their home country and they set off for Europe in 1908. While in France, they encountered a more willing society and they consequently enjoyed celebrity lifestyle which included constantly being hosted by the royals, state presidents and the press (Gaffney, 220). They could also sell their aero planes to other European nations before returning to the United States in 1909. To date, the Wright brothers are credited as the pioneers and inventors of the first successful airplane and the first powered and sustained heavier than air human flight (James,

Human Rights and the Ethiopian Government Essay

Human Rights and the Ethiopian Government - Essay Example The current government stands accused of acts that go against basic human rights and certainly in no way represent the will of the Ethiopian people for freedom and democracy. The Human Rights Watch website (www.hrw.org) has said that "the aftermath of Ethiopia's landmark May 2005 parliamentary elections has laid bare the deeply entrenched patterns of political repression, human rights abuse and impunity that characterize the day-to-day reality of governance in much of the country". Although the Ethiopian elections were of great interest to a world audience who felt that the democratic process was truly at work, the truth was that political groups were literally fighting it out for a place in debates and on the ballot boxes. The EPRF was busy coercing voters into a repeat result from the 2000 election with abusive tactics that the HRW researchers explain as "government officials and security forces in much of Ethiopia mak[ing] routine use of various forms of human rights abuse to deter and punish dissent" (Ibid.). These authority figures are retaining such abusive control over the Ethiopian population by citing terrorist plots and other security threats that will legitimately let officials detain 'suspects' and interrogate them for purposes that actually bear no relation to actual national security. The EPRF has effectively decided that any dissenting movement from that of their own party is therefore a national threat and as such they have treated members of the CUD and the United Ethiopian Democratic Forces as enemies of the state. The 2005 Amnesty International Report mentions that aside from citizen unrest within the country due to fear of torture and detainment, the government has also proposed new legislation that would put members of the press at risk of arrest for probing into what are deemed private parliamentary matters (Amnesty International Report 2005). Although international observers and internal watchdogs of the Ethiopian 2005 election reported that the results were in general in consensus with actual voting percentages, CUD and other opposition members maintained that there were a high number of uncounted ballots that might have made a significant difference to government. After refusing to accept the results of what they stated was a fixed election, CUD members decided that the official course of action would be civil disobedience. Thousands participated in the plan and this led to massive force on the part of the police, something that did no favors to the poor reputation of the EPRG in terms of human rights violations. After abusing these dissenters, the government maintained its official position and yet did little to change its image for the better both nationally and internationally. In the U.S. Department of State's "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices", fifteen different violations of human rights were reported in cluding unlawful killings, detentions of thousands without charge, government interference in union activities, self-censorship by journalists, government infringement on citizens' privacy rights and government

Many historians feel that American Revolution was fundamentally Essay

Many historians feel that American Revolution was fundamentally conservative in that the colonists were simply trying to perserv - Essay Example The discussion will include the major rights and powers that the Americans thought were denied to them and their evidence for believing so. The colonists, sooner or later, had been familiar with managing their own concerns and had been building provincial and local elected administrations. Traditions and institutions founded on the ideals of individual rights, free trade, and private property had progressed from the initial period of the colonies (Morison 1976). The most important question then is what are the justifications of the premise that the American Revolution is a conservative one? The English colonists who headed the revolution were remarkably knowledgeable of their natural rights and privileges as ‘free-born Englishmen’ (Wahlke 1962, 57). They would have abandoned their life in England to start anew or run away from religious discrimination and persecution, and per se were expected to think firmly about sustaining their virtual independence or sovereignty (Lea ch 1986). Furthermore, they were predisposed to relate themselves with the tradition of the ‘Commonwealth Whig’ which had been powerful and influential in 17th century England, when a large number of them run away, a doctrine which stressed individual liberty and a viewpoint against despotism (Morton 2003). Lockean Whiggism of the 1600s and natural rights discourse was prominent in the pre-revolutionary dialogue (Morison 1976). The manner the colonies were structured and ruled differed significantly, and could barely be characterized as absolutely independent (Morton 2003): the New Englanders benefited from the absolute democratic structure, with the electorate having rights to make a decision on all issues of significance and elect local authorities in annual assemblies. The voters were apparently restricted to white male elite, but due to the wealth and realizable property requirements, this select few was strangely huge. Since massive areas of land was obtainable, mo st of it belongs to free owners, who were destined to feel somewhat implicated in the political discussions impacting the colonies at the moment, with a threat in their prospects they tried to safeguard (Morton 2003). The colonists had benefited a lot from comparatively modest taxes from Britain, with almost all taxes defaulted due to prevalent corruption, fraud, and smuggling (Leach 1986). Apparently, most of the heads of the American Revolution were wealthy or propertied individuals, members of the select few that had ruled the colonies prior to the separation from Britain. They were affluent lawyers, traders, and property owners. They were by no means members of the aristocracy (Leach 1986). There was social mobility. Nonetheless, the individuals who ruled the fight for freedom and self-government viewed themselves as the natural rulers of a society that was essentially fair and reasonable. Several of these individuals feared the social implications of the revolution. They still felt the same although they espoused the rationale of their political insights and motivated a broader group of people to take part in government (Morison 1976). These individuals exploited the extended opportunities and acquired top positions in the military, the government, and the Congress (Swift 2002). John Jay articulated a similar apprehension when he stated that the revolution was â€Å"giving rank and Importance to men whom Wisdom would have left in obscurity†

Drawing to Express Feelings

Drawing to Express Feelings It is not possible to write about drawing and the expressive arts as taught by Natalie Rogers without, also, including other art forms such as writing, dancing, music, or drama (Rogers, 1993). She explained that the different art forms interplay and enhance each other. She calls this the creative connection (4). For instance, a client could draw to express her feelings and then gain further understanding by writing about her drawing (78). Therefore, according to Rogers (1993) what one writes about drawing applies to the other expressive arts as well. She wrote of using arts in a supportive setting to promote growth and healing. She emphasized it is the process, not the product, that is important. It is about drawing to express feelings, not about creating a pretty picture (2). The philosophy underlying her work is based on person-centered theory which was developed by her father, Carl Rogers. He emphasized the therapists role as being empathic, caring, and congruent (3). Natalie developed her interest in art through her mother who had been an artist (Preface, XV). Natalie discovered healing through the arts for herself and suggested it for her clients. Their feedback told her it was helpful (5). Natalie described three conditions are needed to foster creativity. They are psychological safety, psychological freedom, and offering stimulating and challenging experiences. She explained psychological safety as defined by her father involves accepting the client unconditionally, not evaluating the art, and empathetic understanding. He defined freedom as permission for any type of symbolic expression (14). Natalie further explained that this freedom refers to symbolic expression and not any and all types of behavior. The expressive arts are an ideal means for symbolic expression (17). Natalie found the first two conditions alone were not enough because it is possible to talk about creativity without becoming involved in the process. She found it necessary to supply art materials along with suggestions to stimulate creative juices (18). It was also important to tell clients that participation in art activities is voluntary so that they never felt like they were under pressure to create (20). The benefits of expressive arts are to identify and be in touch with feelings, explore unconscious material, release energy, gain insight, solve problems, and discover intuitive, mythological, and spiritual dimensions of the self (96). It is possible for clients to transform repressed feelings into constructive energy (70). It is also useful for people who are highly rational and verbal. These clients tend to discuss their problems without experiencing any feelings (96). An advantage that drawing has over the other art forms is that the images are lasting. One can continue to reflect on a particular drawing for as long as one wants (70). Natalie goes on to explain that color, line, and form can reveal energy levels as well as feelings. Colors can be brilliant or dull, and lines can be jagged or smooth (69). Art can put clients in touch with anger, greed, fear, or any other feeling clients might prefer to hide (71). Natalie cautions against the psychoanalytic technique of the therapist interpreting the drawing for the client which can cause resentment and inhibit future drawings (102). She suggests some methods to help the client interpret her own drawing. For instance, the artist could write several sentences to accompany the art which start with, I am, I have, or I feel. The client could entitle the image or list five words that spontaneously come to her as she looks at the picture (78). Art therapy is also recommended for serious disturbances such as eating disorders and cutting behavior in order to improve verbalization and symbolic expression. This helps the client to understand how inner feelings relate to harmful behaviors (Dean, 2007, citing Bruch, et. al., 1973, 58). Art work aids in the sublimation of these behaviors (Milia, 2000, as cited by Dean, 2007, 66). Sanson, et. al. (2004 as cited by Dean, 2007) describe drawing strategies for managing self-harm and eating disorders that include various theories such as cognitive and interpersonal restructuring, dynamic intervention, family therapy, and behavioral modification, all of which can be adapted to the use of art therapy (58). Themes in the art of eating disorder and cutting clients can include depictions of weapons, fire, blood, and death. Preferred colors are often red and black (Gerber and Jacobson, 1982, as cited by Dean, 2007, 68). Most striking are slashes and Xs drawn over body parts (Spring, 1993, as cited by Dean, 2007, 65). Dean (2007) describes a case study of Bonnie who suffered from an eating disorder as well as cutting behavior and suicide ideation. In group art therapy, she was shy and timid, often refusing to speak for long periods of time. However, the images she created were filled with rage, sexual themes, and hearts with holes. She was often unable to keep the art work contained to the paper. When asked for associations to her art work, she would shrug in puzzlement demonstrating a disconnection between her thoughts and feelings. She did, however, possess an intellectual insight into her problems as stemming from an alcoholic father and an untreated, bipolar mother who had abandoned the family. There was suspected but unproved sexual abuse by a relative. Her father was oblivious to this abuse. Gradually, over a period of years, Bonnie was able to improve her self-esteem with the help of art therapy. She was eventually able to sublimate her destructive behaviors using art and to generate altern ative solutions to problems that had previously seemed insurmountable. Her art work slowly changed from violent depictions to images representing her current experiences. After breaking up with a boyfriend, she still drew a heart with a hole, but now she included an arrow through the hole which transformed as it emerged on the other side of the heart. The arrow lacked a point and connected to her face which had both a smile and a frown. She terminated treatment soon after that drawing but returned for maintenance appointments and was doing well with a long term relationship and a stable, skilled job. She was contemplating returning to school to pursue a college degree (70-78). Klorer (2006) in a family systems approach, describes using art therapy with traumatized families. Issues to explore in therapy are individual reactions to the trauma, exploring the role each person plays, helping each family member to communicate their needs, and helping family members to find support, either from one another or outside of the family system (118). In exploring individual reactions, Consoli and Klorer (1995) as cited by Klorer (2006), recommend that the first session include asking each family member to make a picture about what happened. This brings the issue to the forefront in the beginning. Even in families that are colluding in silence, there is often one member who is willing to draw the problem from her perspective, irrespective of how others might feel. Four year old Julie was such a child. She and her sister had been shot by their mother who then killed herself. The sister died. Julie needed to talk about this tragedy, but her father was uncomfortable discussing it. Julie drew what happened while describing the incident and asking her father why her mother shot her and her sister. Her father couldnt answer why, but Julies drawing enabled him to become more comfortable discussing the tragedy (118, 119). When it comes to exploring roles, Klorer explains that in a family crisis prescribed roles can become exaggerated. For example, the organizer could become more rigid or the hyperactive child could become more stimulated. Conversely, existing roles cold shift. For instance, a mother who is usually nurturing might relinquish that role to a daughter. As roles shift, other family members could find themselves in a state of disequilibrium because they no longer have a secure place in the system. A case example is 12 year old David who began taking on the responsibilities of his dying father. This was a huge burden that didnt allow him to express his own feelings of grief because he didnt want to portray weakness. Davids picture showed him at the center of the drawing and larger than everyone else with his arm on his mothers shoulder. Upon seeing this picture, his mother realized how much stress he was under and that she had been promoting that role for him. She and the therapist devised w ays for David to not feel he had to take care of her (120, 121). When it comes to communicating needs, Riley (2002) as cite by Klorer (2006) suggests sometimes the therapist can help the family accept the event as a life changing experience by reframing it as a catalyst for change to occur. A case example is Mr. L. who brought his children into therapy because they had witnessed the murder of their mother. The children drew their mother in the picture as if nothing had happened. Their father omitted her, because she is dead, he explained. The children then began engaging in avoidant behavior. One put his picture over his head and announced, Its raining. The other child copied and both began giggling. In subsequent drawings when asked to draw their mother, both children refused to draw her. It was clear the children needed to find a way to grieve their mother as did the father. The therapist suggested a memory book of happy memories of their mother as well as those depicting the tragedy. Both the father and children participated in this process. Th e children were gradually able to conceptualize their mother and drew her inside a heart because she will always be in our hearts. The art helped them to reframe and express their grief (121, 122). As to helping a family find support, Klorer (2006) describes a family in therapy because the father had murdered the daughter. The mothers own unresolved grief made her incapable of meeting the other childrens basic needs let alone dealing with their grief. When the children spoke about their father in one session, the mother was so despondent she was unable to lift her head off the table. The mothers sister, who had previously played a maternal role in their extended family, was invited to be a part of the family art therapy so that a support system could be built for both the mother and children. The aunt was instrumental in helping the children express their feelings. Prior to her joining therapy, the children drew only happy pictures of the entire family including father and sister as if nothing had happened. The aunt did not want to collude with that false image and drew pictures expressing her rage over what had occurred. The children then realized their unexpressed feelings we re acceptable and began drawing a wide range of emotions including anger and sadness (122, 123). In conclusion, this research has explored the use of art therapy to express feelings. Natalie Rogers (1993) described how all the art forms interplay and enhance each other in the creative connection which is also the title of her book. The paper looked at the use of drawing to help clients with eating disorders or cutting behavior. The research also described how families who are victims of trauma can express their feelings through art. Drawing can be transformative for a wide range of people. It can be spiritually uplifting for those who are healthy, and it can help in the recovery of clients with serious problems or mental illnesses.

Essay --

The objective of this article is to analyse the strengths and weaknesses of Speedster Athletics Company’s financial position. Company has a good profitability and a attractive asset base. However following strengths can be highlighted in the financial position of Speedster Athletics Company; †¢ Favourable Gross profits – Speedster Athletics Company has been able to generate favourable gross margins over the last three years consistently over the industry average of 26%. Gross margin is in a declining trend over 2010 to 2011 where 2011 gross margin is 27% (1371/5075*100%) which is 1% lower than 2011, however this is above the industry average level, proving that Speedster company is capable of generating better margins. †¢ Increase in Fixed assets base in 2011 over 2010 – From 2010 to 2011 there has been a 23.8% increase in gross fixed assets value. The raised funds through long term debts would have been used to enhance assets base of Speedster. This is a very positive sigh of future profitability and capacity of the company. Higher assets should be able to generate more cash inflow...

Different Reasons People Comunicate Essay

There are lots of reasons why people communicate at work. For example, to share ideas and thoughts, to express needs and feelings, to socialise, to gain and share information, to build relationship and to maintain relationship, to understand and to be understood and to receive instructions, to give encouragement and show others that we care. In order to work effectively with children and their families, it is important to have good relationship with a range of people. Those who have good communication skills are likely to have strong relationship with children, parents and other adults. Sometimes we need extra support and services to help people comunicate properly. Translation and interpreting services – I know about few cases at school where teachers had to use translator services to facilitate written communication between parents whose English is an additional language. In addition, they may use interpreting services to facilitate spoken communication. Read more:  Identify five different reasons why people communicate  essay For sensitive matters should be used a professional interpreter as they have trained to translate the message but not misinterpret it. They have also been trained not to say their opinion or change the nature of what the other person is trying to say. Speech and language services – we may need to use these services to help us find ways of communicating with children and young people. They may provide suggestions and guidance as to how to use resources such as Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) or training in visual systems such as Makaton. They showed up to be very efective with children with autism and down sindrome as many more. Advocacy services – a child or young person might be assigned an advocate whose task is to reflect their best interest. The use of advocates is needed for children or young people who are in local authority care or for children or young people with communication difficulties. Third sector organisations – for example, Royal National Institute for Deaf People (RNID) – we may use these services if we have children in the setting who are hearing impairment. These services provide training courses and consultancy on deafness and disability. They also offer communication services including sigh language, interpreters and provide services for deaf and hard of hearing people with additional needs. We need to find ways of communicating with children and build relationship with them so they find it easier to settle into a new environment. When parents find that their children are happy with us they will trust us and have total confidence in us. Comunication is a key in my job role as a Nanny so I can fullfill needs of children and than pass all details to parents, so they ll know, their child is happy and safe. I use to do it thru comunication books or during the handower at the end of the day. To work effectively we will need to gain and share information. This might be from basic information about how a child is feeling, what they are interested in or it might be information about their long-term health and welfare. In nurseries and schools for teams to work well together, it is important that relationships within them are strong and professional. The quality of relationships with colleagues can be disturb or threatened by the way they tallk to each other, react to their suggestions and the tone of the voice that they use. When relationships break down in professional teams, children, young people and their families are likely to receive a less effective service as this would afect them all. Friendly comunication in work place helps building loyalty and trust, they are aware of the needs of the children and job is done properly.

Artifact Speech Outline Essays

Artifact Speech Outline Essays Artifact Speech Outline Paper Artifact Speech Outline Paper Thesis Statement: Today, brought in my old hockey stick that represents the impact that the game has had on me as a person and how the game has strengthened my relationships with people. D. Main Points: 1. First, I will explain the importance of the game of hockey and how it has helped me personally. 2. Second, I will share with you how have become even closer with family members through this game. 3. Finally, I will explain why chose to bring this stick over any other stick or piece of equipment. II. Body A. The game has done a great deal to help me become a better person. 1 . At a young age hockey taught me how to stay committed to something and how to work as a team. Hockey also trained me to become a leader. These are great skills to have especially at a young age and they have continued to pay dividends for me, as I grow older. 2. These skills have made high school and now college a little easier for me. Leadership and teamwork are essential in the business world, so as a business student here at UCM I am grateful to have learned these skills at a young age. Transition: Now that I have told you how the game has helped me as a person, I will now share how the game has brought me even closer with family members. B. I have become very close with my Dad through the game of hockey. The game also brought me very close to my Grandpa before he died. 1 . You would never be able to tell through all the arguments and yelling but hockey made my dad and I best friends. As a young kid we would always go to Wings games. As I started playing travel he decided to be my first coach. By the time was playing in high school he was my biggest fan screaming louder for me than all the other fans combined. 2. My Pop, grandpa in German, also became very close with me through the game of hockey. He called himself the equipment manager. He always made sure I had new gear when I needed it and never missed one game Of mine in 10 years. Transition:Now that I have explained how have became very close tit loved ones through the game I will share with you the reason I chose to bring this stick over any other equipment to represent me. C. As told you my grandfather was a huge part of my hockey career. 1. Unfortunately at 82 years old my Pop passed away. But even when he wasnt in great health he found a way to help me and still be the equipment manager he always was. 2. This stick was the last thing he got me. Broke my stick in the last game of my senior year before playoffs. Even though he know I could possibly only play one more game if we lost in the first round of playoffs he went out and pent over $200 to get me the same stick had broke because he knew it was my favorite one.

How to Write a Summary

How to Write a Summary How to Write a Summary How to Write a Summary By Mark Nichol In scholastic and professional settings alike, you are likely to be asked to compose a summary of an article, essay, paper, report, or other document. Take the following steps to produce an effective outline. Read the source content, and divide it into sections according to headings and subheadings or other delineation. For each section, highlight key points and statements, and note passages that themselves summarize the entire piece as well as those that are unnecessarily detailed or that digress from the main topic; the latter elements should be omitted from reference in the summary. For each section, craft a single sentence that outlines that part of the entire work. After you have compiled these sentences, read through them to determine the thesis for the entire work, and then state the thesis. Using these elements, construct a summary that begins with your thesis statement and outlines the entire work in the order in which the points are addressed in the original content; employ transitional words, phrases, and sentences for a smooth-flowing summary. When you are finished, check to make sure that your summary is significantly shorter than the original work. If it’s not, pare your summary to a more concise form. In the summary, credit the original work and its author(s), cite any exact quotations (or be sure that you have paraphrased rather than directly quoted the original work), and refrain from interpretation. A summary is not the same as a critique, and it should state only what the author(s) wrote, not your opinions or extrapolated ideas about it. Review for accuracy and for fidelity to the viewpoint of the original work, and revise to ensure that you have employed proper grammar, syntax, usage, style, and punctuation. Ask a classmate or colleague to evaluate it as well not to edit or rewrite, but to confirm, without referring to the original work, that you have produced a cogent summary. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Avoid Beginning a Sentence with â€Å"With†20 Pairs of One-Word and Two-Word FormsCapitalizing Titles of People and Groups

Difference Between Nurse Leaders and Nurse Managers Essay

Difference Between Nurse Leaders and Nurse Managers - Essay Example Nursing managers remain responsible for chairing of organizational meetings and determining the organizational projects, nursing leaders on their part work to determine the particular participation of unit nurses in particular organizational projects. Based on such a perspective, it is possible a nursing manager also becomes a nursing leader at the same time. As such, a clinical manager would as well step in to work as an in charge nurse and perform the necessary roles associated with a nursing leader such as the application of fairness in dealings with people. In most instances, nursing leaders lack management position but still perform to the satisfaction of the concerned parties in a similar manner of a nursing manager. Such roles include assigning of nurses on different roles and responsibilities depending on an individual’s ability to complete such tasks. On a similar perspective, it is possible that a nursing manager becomes a leader. As such, the nursing leaders would be in a position to influence control over other nurses such as giving them directions (Finkelman, 2012). Additionally, a nursing leader must not be in a management position in order to perform effectively. Generally, all nurses need to be leaders by default, with appropriate qualities of effective performance.

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 7

Research Paper Example All these are geared towards promoting food security. However, genetically modified foods have raised great debate in the recent past over their impact on human health. The two main areas of concern are risk to human health and risk to the environment. This paper seeks to look at the health benefits of genetically modified foods and also the disadvantages of these foods. Pathogens, herbivorous insects, and parasites have significantly reduced crop yields all over the world. Given the fact that the population is increasing, traditional crops cannot sustain the world population because of the above threats. GM crops have been introduced to help abate this problem. Examples of crops grown in this case are virus resistant genetically modified papaya and insect resistant crops having Bacillus thuringiensis gene. This has been successful in the United States; insect resistant GM maize is grown on an area of about 10.6 million hectares and represents 35 percent of all the maize grown in the country. The resistance has also been enhanced to include bacterial and fungal pathogens. With reduction in crop loss due to pathogens, insects and parasites, more yields can be achieved and this can reduce malnutrition (Key, Ma and Drake 292). Another issue that has caused reduction in the crop yields is abiotic stress which includes low or high temperatures, drought, and salinity. It is projected that in the coming years these losses will increase due decline in water resources and desertification. Salinity and drought are expected to increase salinization of arable lands. This calls for adoption of new technology that will ensure there is crop survival. There have been attempts to produce abiotic stress resistant genetically modified foods. However, there has been no break through yet and the research is still at laboratory level. In

Influence of culture and religion on the development of science Essay

Influence of culture and religion on the development of science - Essay Example Although we are often willing to acknowledge our debt to the ancient Greeks for giving us the basics of modern science, we are less likely to even be aware of our debt to Islam for preserving and building upon the knowledge the Greeks had developed. Far from working to suppress the development of science, it was the religion and general culture of the ancient Greeks and Muslims that helped shape the development of modern science. The religion of the ancient Greeks had a significant impact upon their view of how society should operate. With a Pantheon of Gods on high, each having his or her own specialty, participating in regular meetings to discuss what’s right and wrong with the world, it was not unusual for the Greeks to have a more diplomatic democratic society. They considered their gods to be very much like themselves but with greater powers to control the elements around them. It was important to keep them happy if one wanted good weather for productive crops or healthy livestock and a plague in the land could be an indication of a god unhappy with a particular ruler or policy. The people took their clues about what was necessary to keep the gods happy from the stories and legends that were told about them. When that wasn’t sufficient, they made it a habit to consult an oracle (Martin, 2006). This questioning of the mysteries eventually led to greater efforts to foretell the future and to guess the will of the gods. This required careful observations, study and training which eventually led to the development of scientific thought. By the end of the Greek period, many significant achievements had been made in science and philosophy. Greek thinkers had gained a view of a universe in which the world was round and participated in an intricate dance through the heavens with other bodies named after the gods they revered. Sophistication in mathematics led to the development of geometry which enabled the ancient Greeks to

RSS feed Mobile Archive Search Ask me anything Submit Essay Example for Free

RSS feed Mobile Archive Search Ask me anything Submit Essay The Philippine Airlines (PAL) is the national airline of the Philippine and Asia’s first airline. Philippine Airlines has been the dominant air carrier in the Philippines since its creation in 1941. Philippine Airlines rebranded itself as â€Å"Asia’s sunniest airline† to cap its new marketing and advertising trust. We have identified the three (3) major competitors of Philippine Airlines which are Cebu Pacific, Cathay Pacific and Zest Airlines. Our recommended strategy for Philippine Airlines is Product development strategy this includes providing more services to attract the customer as well as improving the products and services that they offer to gain more profit and to satisfy the customers. Many airline companies offer lower fares to gather customers. We suggest that PAL focus on differentiation by making their customers experience the â€Å"class† of flying to remind them the pleasure of taking flight in the skies. This strategy will require extensive employee training in proper etiquette and quality service, to ensure the portrayed brand image lines up with the experience of customers. Second to our priority is increasing the number of salespersons, increasing advertising expenditures, offering extensive sales promotion items, or increasing publicity efforts to enhance market share especially for the local flights. The Philippine Airlines must know the strengths and weakness of the management for the strategists to know what things to improve and maintain. Based on the result of the competitive profile matrix, Philippine Airlines fall behind the Cebu Pacific and this is due to the fall of its local flight segment. Garnering a decrease of total market share from 50% in May 2009 to 35.4% in late December of 2009 According to the SPACE Matrix that Philippine Airlines is financially a strong company that has achieved major competitive advantages in a growing and stable industry. Market Development, Product Development, and Horizontal integration is the suited strategy that can be used by PAL. In the Boston Consulting Group Matrix, the Philippine Airline is in the position of â€Å"star† because Philippine Airline remains stable with the market growth and continues to be successful in the field of airline industry. PAL is in the quadrant II that represents the organization’s best long-run opportunities for growth and profitability. Horizontal Integration is appropriate strategies for these divisions to consider. PAL should increased control over their competitor and takeovers among competitors allow for increased economies of sale and enhanced transfer of resources and competencies. Base on the internal- external matrix of Philippine Airline that the company should hold and maintain. The company should pursue Intensive (market penetration and product development) strategies which can be the best and most appropriate things to do. With the standard of living of Filipino is improving gradually as well as the increase in tourism industry and lot of Filipino workers go abroad airline industry is stably increase, that is why given the rapid market growth of the airline industry. Philippine Airlines is in an excellent strategic position, for Philippine Airlines, concentration on product development is an appropriate strategy in terms of the specific circumstances that face the company. II. COMPANY PROFILE The airline was founded on February 26, 1941 by a group of businessmen led by Andres Soriano, hailed as one of the Philippines’ leading industrialists at the time, who served as its general manager, and former Senator Ramon Fernandez, who served as its chairman and president. The airline, headquartered in the Philippine National Bank Financial Center in Pasay City, was founded in 1941 and is the oldest commercial airline in Asia operating under its original name. Out of its hubs at Ninoy Aquino International Airport of Manila and Mactan-Cebu International Airport of Cebu City, Philippine Airlines serves nineteen destinations in the Philippines and twenty-four destinations in Southeast Asia, East Asia, Australia, Canada and the United States. Formerly one of the largest Asian airlines, PAL was severely affected by the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis. In what was believed to be one of the Philippines’ biggest corporate failures, PAL was forced to downsize its international operations by completely cutting operations to Europe and eventually Southwest Asia, cutting virtually all domestic services excluding routes operated from Manila, reducing the size of its fleet and terminating the jobs of thousands of employees. The airline was placed under receivership in 1998, gradually restoring operations to many of the destinations it formerly serviced. PAL exited receivership in 2007 with ambitious plans to further restore services to its previously-serviced destinations, as well as diversify its fleet. Philippine Airlines is the only airline in the Philippines to be accredited with the IOSA (IATA Operational Safety Audit) by the International Air Transport Association and has been awarded a 3-star rating by Skytrax. 1. Economic Forces In 1997, Philippine Airlines rebranded itself as â€Å"Asia’s sunniest airline† to cap its new marketing and advertising thrust. In addition to its re-fleeting program, Philippine Airlines commenced service to New York City (using Newark Liberty International Airport) via Vancouver. However, this caused the airline to be financially unstable, having acquired too many aircraft while matching them to unprofitable routes. The re-fleeting program was about halfway through when the full impact of the Asian financial crisis struck the airline industry early in 1998. By March 31, 1997, at the end of the 1996-1997 fiscal years, Philippine Airlines had reported its largest annual loss of P8.08 billion. PAL shareholders approved a quasi-reorganization plan, reducing the par value of PAL shares to P0.20 from P0.80 per share. It will also increase its authorized capital stock from P16 billion to P20 billion divided into 100 billion shares at P0.20 per share. Philippine Airlines income annual report showed an increase in revenues to US$1.634 billion, from US$1.504 billion the previous year, after carrying 17% more passengers due to acquisition of additional aircraft and growth in the domestic market. However, the cost of operating more flights, which involved higher maintenance expense and compounded by record-high fuel prices, raised expenses to US$1.9 billion, from US$1.539 billion the previous year. Fuel comprised 44% of Philippine Airlines income operating expenses. When the global crisis led to a travel slump in the latter part of the year, PAL’s passenger load factor fell to an average of 76.2%, three points lower than the previous year. PAL also reported paying US$165.4 million in principal and interest to its creditors, bringing to US$2.4 billion the total paid from March 1999 to March 2009. Total assets decreased by US$60.6 million to US$1.971 billion, while total liabilities rose by US$239.5 million over the previous year.With the protracted recession, the International Air Transport Association (IATA) said its member-airlines are bracing for US$9 billion in total combined losses by the end of the current fiscal year. 2.1 Social forces The Philippine airlines conduct a promo for there passenger especially who belong to there membership. They can earn miles points in every board with the code share partners (air Macau, Cathy pacific ,emirates, etihad , Malaysia airlines and other airlines that belong to that agreement. they also earn miles point in staying hotels around the Philippines and worldwide. example they can earn point rates vary between 250 and 500 miles per stay in hotel. The points they earn can be donated to UNICEF or in PAL Foundation. Security control is a significant contributor to service quality, but service is underperformed in terms of efficiency, relative to passengers’ desired levels. Security needs to follow a similar pattern to safety. It is already part of IOSA, but I’m sure more can be done to formalize industry requirements. IATA and the various agencies around the world must find ways to harmonize security requirements. It is essential for the passenger experience, and it is essential for airlines. It would simplify operations considerably.At the same time, it is clear that security is a government responsibility. They should be paying for the majority of measures, especially at the airport. But airlines must show willingness too, and play their part. We can look again at security onboard the aircraft. Boarding -Airlines use a number of different group/zone boarding systems or boarding rules, the idea (there are numerous variations) it is significant to service quality. In-flight service is something that makes the passenger comfortable and relaxes while they are on board. 2.2 Cultural forces Philippine Airlines (PAL) is the national flag carrier of the Philippines and the first and oldest commercial airline in Asia. It began operations in 1941 by making one flight daily between Manila and Baguio. From its main hub at Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Manila, Philippine Airlines now flies to 18 destinations in the Philippines and serves 26 destinations in Southeast Asia, East Asia, Australia, Canada and the United States. Mabuhay Miles is the Philippine Airlines frequent flyer program. It was established in 2002 by merging all existing PAL frequent flyer programs prior to the Asian financial crisis: namely, PALsmiles, the Mabuhay Club and the Flying Sportsman, with PALsmiles and Mabuhay Club members being moved to the new program on August 1, 2002. The Flying Sportsman program was subsequently transformed into SportsPlus, a three-tiered, subscription-based program which gives extra baggage allocations for sports equipment on PAL flights, aimed specifically at golfers, bowlers, scuba divers, tennis and badminton players, anglers and cyclists. The SportsPlus program is available only to Mabuhay Miles base members, as Mabuhay Miles members on higher membership tiers automatically receive SportsPlus privileges. Mabuhay Miles members earn miles that can be redeemed at face value on most Philippine Airlines-operated flights, as well as on code-shared routes of partner airlines. Some promotional fares and all flights operated by Airphil Express, however, are ineligible to earn miles. Miles may also be earned by patronizing the services of Mabuhay Miles partners, or by purchasing miles. Membership tiers include Mabuhay Miles Base, Elite, Premium Elite and Million Miler. 2.3 Environmental Forces In recent years, much attention has been given to the role of automobile emissions in climate change. But air travel—which has been rebounding since 9/11—is equally damaging to the climate, per mile of travel. Flight is one of the most fuel-guzzling forms of passenger transportation. Airplanes’ fuel use (and resulting emissions of carbon dioxide), per passenger and per mile, is almost as heavy as driving alone. Beyond their emissions of carbon dioxide, aircraft release other gases that have disproportionate but short-term effects on our planet’s climate . And data suggest that north westerners fly more passenger miles per capita than residents of most other states. Carbon dioxide has the same effects on the climate no matter when or where it is injected into the atmosphere. But other aircraft emissions-such as nitrogen oxides-have potent, climate-changing effects because of the elevation at which they are released. Over the short term, they more than double the effects of the CO2 alone Over time, these other pollutants disappear, but the carbon dioxide remains aloft capturing heat for decades. These short-term climate-altering effects of air travel are concentrated, along with the residents of affluent nations, in the mid-latitudes of the northern hemisphere, which includes the Pacific Northwest. The airline industries are responsible for about 11% of greenhouse gases emitted by the transportation sector. An aircraft engine contributes a global warming and global dimming even though it is least polluting forms of travel in the world. The rapid growth of air travel in recent years can contributes to increase the total pollution attributed to aviation and the reduction of achieved automobiles. The jet fuel can burned per passenger on a average 3200 kilometers airline flight about 353 kilograms. 2.4 Demographic Forces The population of the Philippines was 88.57 million people as of August, 2007. The 2009 projected population is 92.23 million people. This is an inflation rate of +1.5%. The 2008 population was 90.348.437, making it the 12th most populated country in the world. The Republic of the Philippines is an archipelagic nation located off the coast of Southeast Asia. Filipinos are descended from Austronesia people from Taiwan over a thousand years ago. The Aboriginal inhabitants consist of the Ati and Aetas, referred to as Negritos. Most of the country is comprised of Malayo-Polynesian ethnic groups including, the Tagalog, Visayans, Ilocano, Kapampangan, Bicolano, Moro, Pangasinense, Igorot, Lumad Ibanag, Mangyan, Badjao, Ivatan, and Palawan tribes. There is a significant group of other ethnic descendants including the Spanish, British, American, Japanese and Chinese due to the Spanish colonization and Americation occupation after World War II. These intermarried descendants are referred to as Filipino mestizos There are Twelve major regional languages each with over one million speakers: Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Waray-Waray, Tausug, Bikol, Kapampangan, Pangasinan, Kinaray-a, Maranao, Maguindanao and Hiligaynon. English and Spanish were both imposed on the country as official languages at one time in its history, so the languages can still be heavily felt within the country. The airline’s first flight took place on March 15, 1941 with a single Beech craft Model 18 NPC-54 on daily services between Manila (from Nielson Field) and Baguio. On July 22, the airline acquired the franchise of the Philippine Aerial Taxi Company. Government investment in September paved the way for its nationalization. PAL owns 30 Airbus aircraft and four Bombardier airplanes. The airline has also reconfigured its in-flight service to include first, business, and economy classes. PAL additionally offers flights to India and China, both among the world’s fastest-growing travel markets. The carrier offers almost 30 weekly flights to US destinations. In 2008 the company launched its low fare carrier unit, PAL Express, which serves mostly domestic island destinations.