King Henry and His Six Wives Essay Example for Free

pouf henry and His Six Wives EssayThe Elizabethan geological era contained major events that remain documented in level. If the historical figures of the Elizabethan succession had not existed, history would have taken a dramatic turn. The full histories and personalities of each of Henrys wives show how these women left t inheritor marks on the English throne and they changed the course of history. King Henry octonary was endowed with outstanding mental and physical gifts. He mastered Latin and French, understood Italian, learned mathematics, canvass Homer and Virgil, read Cicero, and was knowledgeable about the histories of Thucydides and Tacitus (Shostak 6). Henry was the first English fairy to acquire a Renaissance education. Henry was also endowed with striking physical accomplishments. He was a superb horseman. He enjoyed wrestling, jousting, swordsmanship, and tennis. Henry also had a passion for music. He mastered the skill of performing with terce antithetic al instruments the lute, organ and the harpsichord.He also composed music. He wrote two five- spot masses, several different instrumental pieces, several songs and one anthem (6). King Henry VIII was born Henry Tudor VIII aft(prenominal) late-king, Henry VII and Queen Elizabeth of York on June 28, 1491 (Bruce 3). Henry was the King of both England and Ireland from 1509 until death. Henry VIII was a true Renaissance prince. He also wanted absolute power.Henry was not the only Monarch of the Tudor regime He had three other brothers Prince Arthur, Edmund, and Duke of somersault Tudor, and two sisters Mary and Margaret Tudor (Shostak 5). Arthur, who became Prince of Wales, married Catherine of Aragon in November 1501. After a short period of the marriage, Arthur died, which made Henry Prince of Wales. On April 22, 1509, Henry VII died, which upgraded Henry VIII as king and the seventeen-years-old prince acceded to the throne on April 22, 1509 (Bruce 23).Two months later, he married hi s brothers widow, Catherine of Aragon.This ottoman was widower of Arthur, Catherine of Aragon. Catherine was born on December 16, 1485 in Spain. She was the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. They sent over 100,000 crown worth of plate and gold as a wedding gift. She had left Spain to unite Prince Arthur of Wales in 1501, which they went off to marry in London. After Arthur died, Catherine and Henry married as King and Queen of England (Shostak 15). She was happy through the first few years of marriage, but due to health problems, she miscarried five of six pregnancies the child who survived was named Mary, born in 1516. They went off to marry in London. King Henry VIII was brought up to bring forth an heir of his throne a son. He knew after trying continuously with Catherine, he would never have a son, while she was still announced as queen (Bruce 27). Henry tried to put pressure on pope Clement VII to give a special dispensation to him to divorce Catherine.When Wolsey failed i n his negotiation with the Pope to get the dispensation, Henry fired Wolsey and decided to sidestep established legal procedures of the Church (Bruce 34). In a 1529 Act of sevens, they limited the powers of the clergy by a serial publication of statutes. Then, in 1533, he married Ann Boleyn, who soon gave birth to the future Queen Elizabeth (tudorhistory.org). The following year, Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy, which named the king the Supreme Head of the Church of England. Then, on that point followed the suppression of Catholic monasteries throughout England in May, 1536, Anne Boleyn was executed on the grounds of marital infidelity (Shostak 45). Henry married his third wife, Jane Seymour, who died in childbirth after giving birth to the kings only legitimate son, the future King Edward VI (tudorhistory.org).In 1540, Henry vice-regent and chief minister Thomas Cromwell ordered a political marriage between Henry and Ann of Cleves in the hope of attaching German protestant interests to those of England. Henry detested Annes appearance so he had the marriage annulled and ordered for Thomas Cromwell to be executed on the charge of treason. In 1543, Henry married Catherine Parr, his sixth and final wife (Jokinen). They were married for three years before Henrys death. Henrys later years saw a renewal of hostilities with both France and Scottish. Henry personally invaded France in 1544, where his armies captured city of Boulogne (tudorhistory.org). The two nations ceased fighting in 1546. Henrys later years were also characterized by rigorous persecution of both Catholics and Protestants. Henry died on January 28, 1547, at the age of 55. It was Henrys request that he was laid to rest alongside his third wife, Jane Seymour (Sypniewski).Tudor Parliaments were an essential aspect of English government and cheek in the sixteenth century. After the Kings Council, Parliament was the nations most important institution. In Tudor times most important decisions c oncerning government were made by the king or queen and a small group of advisers called the Privy Council. However, before these decisions became law, they had to be passed by Parliament. Parliament was the House of Lords and the House of Commons. The House of Lords was made up of about sixty Bishops, Dukes, Earls and Barons. It was unusual for members of the House of Lords to criticize the kings policies. If they did so, they were in danger of being stripped of their titles. Members of the House of Commons were more independent as they were sometimes elected by the people who lived in the area they represented.However, few people had the vote and in many cases the largest landowner in the area decided who went to Parliament. Parliament was much of an occasional institution. Meaning Parliament was active under the Tudors, and exceptionally active in the reign of Henry VIII. Henry VIII was in elevate of holding regular Parliaments (Shostak 57). When Henry was in conflict with the P ope in Rome, he claimed that the votes taken in Parliament showed he enjoyed the support of the English people. Elizabeth held few Parliaments than her father. On average, she held a Parliament once every four years. Elizabeth made it clear that members of the House of Commons had complete freedom of speech. However, she believed that certain issues such as religion or foreign policy were best left to her and her Privy Council (tudorhistory.org). Henry VIII wanted an annulment of his marriage on the grounds that in that respect had been adultery.Although, nobody knows if this was true or not, was a way out for Henry and a chance for him to marry Anne Boleyn, who he hoped would give him an heir. He sent fundamental Wolsey to the Pope to plead his case, but he failed, for this reason Henry VIII dismissed him in 1529. However, in 1533, Thomas Cranmer, the Archbishop of Canterbury, deserting the Catholic faith, granted the annulment. He passed polity restricting papal jurisdiction i n England and eventually, passed the Act of Supremacy, making him the Head of the church in England (Jokinen). Thomas Cranmer suggested Henry to abolish and destroy the monasteries, since they were very flush and confiscated their wealth and properties for his own use (Jokinen). Through the Act of Supremacy, he declared himself to be the only Supreme Head in Earth of the Church of England sooner of the Pope (Jokinen).Henry VIIIs courtships were equally sexually driven. He wooed Jane Seymour with gifts and bribes to members of her family, but only decided to abandon Anne Boleyn days and possibly hours before she was arrested. In the case of Katherine Howard the transformation from would-be mistress to consort is evident. Henry was in full pursuit within weeks of seeing her, not without a degree of encouragement on her part which should have indicated to him that she was more experienced than was claimed (Jokinen).They were married three weeks after the Cleves divorce and by then K atherine may already have begun sleeping with Henry. The Elizabethan Era was full of controversy and obstacles for many of its historical characters to overcome. The six different wives of King Henry VIII experienced first hand controversy due to the Kings love of women as well as power. Although King Henry VIII married six different women, his decisions helped to change and fascinate the course of history for the modern world to reflect.

Misconception of African Americans Essay Example for Free

Misconception of African Americans EssaySince the beginning of time African Americans have been viewed negatively. We have always been viewed as a threat to society and frowned upon by many races. There are many cliches displayed in the media of what African Americans are supposed to act like. These conclusions cause nearly immediate negative feelings from other races and sometimes by our own race. African American females in television shows and movies are often shown as the loud ghetto acting, raging dull girl who is always telling someone off. Actor Tyler Perry has been criticized for illustrating African American females as big momma, another negative act of black women. Other times shapely video vixens cause other black females to be portrayed as jump-offs or gold diggers. African American males have even greater judgments to overcome. They are viewed as a menace to society. They are illustrated as wild, angry, dangerous gang bangers. Black men are viewed as absentee fat hers or abusive husbands.Although, in some cases, African American males do possess some of these characteristics, there are just as many black men that are positive role models. These ignorant judgments are called stereotypes. A stereotype is defined as a widely held but fixed and oversimplified bod or idea of a particular type of person or thing. Stereotypes, in my own words, are judgments blindly made by stack who use ignorance as an excuse to be biased against those who are different from them. There are many different types of stereotyping.Racial stereotyping, sexist stereotyping, stereotypes about cultures, and sexual orientation stereotypes are all judgments that can affect ones life in many ways. Stereotypes are, sadly, made by everyone. Racial stereotyping, however, is the most jet type of stereotyping, and can sometimes be dangerous. The Trayvon Martin story, for example, is a situation where stereotyping turned tragic. Trayvon Martin was a young African American boy w ho was walking from the store with zilch but Skittles and a drink in his pockets.Because of his race, and the stereotype of what black Males are capable of, he was targeted, and tragically killed. There have been many alike cases of dangerous stereotyping. Peoples fear of what the media shows we are suited to do, has gotten out of control. Too many of us are dying because of this fear. While many stereotypes do seem to be believable, people like Barack Obama, Michelle Obama, my grandparents, and my mom allow me to realize that not all stereotypes are true.

Kathakali make up Essay Example for Free

Kathakali install up EssayLike all performing arts, Kathakali require seventh cranial nerve work out up. Professional Kathakali urinate up artists usually classify the secure up process for Kathakali characters into five basic sets. These are the Pacha which is reserved for the mythological characters that belong to the hero Dhirodatta Nala, Yudhishtra, Rukmangada, Arjuna and Bhimsena are scarce some of the characters who are treated with the Pacha manipulate up. The next one is the Kathi or Katti which means Knife and is characterized by the marking on the nose and forehead. following(a) it is the Kari which is characterized by the make up style that involves the putting of black in the face and red colors on the cheek bone complimented by the extended black eyes similar those found in characters like Ravana, Kamsa and Duryodhana. The Thaadi or Tadi is the one that refers to the beard of characters like Rakshasas and Dussasana (red beard), Vali and Sugriva which are th e monkey kings and Kali (black beard), and Minukku.Fe masculine characters in Kathakali which are generally good-natured, like the Sages, Sadhus, Brahmins and Rishies, rendered with the Minukku make up, which represents the characters traits of spirituality, piousness, restraint, simplicity and equipoise. Make up for Kathakali is difficult, taxing, tedious and elaborate. It is difficult to make and create as it is difficult to remove too. A webindia123. com article on the make up of Kathakali characters notes how it takes about four hours to wear and two to take it off.The make up artist should be real particular with the colors since it symbolizes the emotions and the gunas or their attributes. The make up artist should know when to make the eye appear lotus like and when to apply a consecutive patch of black collyrium to make the character look more frightening. Looking at the performance of the Dryodana-vadham play, a section taken from the Mahabharata and conducted in the hol y Kathakali way, a prospective make up artist can see not just the need for the consistency in redeem between characters who ineluctably to appear with similarly shaded faces.In the Dryodana-vadham, two characters are featured in the performance namely Arjuna and Krishna. Both characters are wearing green base make up with white beard and reddish lips. During the play, war has broken out involving members of the same clan and Arjuna, the third of the five Pandava brothers, was the chosen leader. Arjuna is depicted as move towards battle atop his war chariot. He is accompanied by Krishna who serves as his driver. They stop to look out over the enemy and Arjuna was distressed to see legion(predicate) of his relatives in the enemy chariots.Beca custom of this, he tries to stop the battle. Arjuna is the one wearing the gold and red adorned circular head dress while Krishna is the one wearing the silver- permeated head gear. From the dancing of the characters, their elaborate bodily movements and the sometimes severe heat brought about by the spotlight when performing inside a poorly air-condition theater, it is clear that the make up should be done perfectly so that it will hold and not melt or disintegrate throughout the performance. A Chouttikkaran can guide a make up artist in putting make up.The Chouttikkaran is tasked with this along with his other tasks since he has an active role in both the training stage and the performing stage. There are several characters in a Kathakali plays and all of them deserves different make-up treatment. There are characters in Kathakali play that portray men who are endue with positive attitudes like piousness, or Satvik, and majestic, kingly air or Rajasic. For this particular type of character in the play, a make up which is predominantly green is expected.Acting as adversaries to these kinds of men are equally kingly and majestic male characters but is endowed with what is called a tamasic characteristic. This means t hat these characters are those who are possessing evil characteristics in the play, and to be able to distinguish them from the pious, kingly men, those who have evil inclinations in the play like Ravana who is the popular demon king in Kathakali plays are colored with a very dose of red applied over a green background. still the mark of the true evil is found in the Chuvanna Thaadi or the Red Beard, the characters in Kathakali which is adorned by a very heavy red make up along with a red beard. Kathakali plays also features other characters aside from those mentioned earlier. Some other Kathakali characters include the uncivilized hunters Kari/ Karutha Thaadi or the black beard. The required make-up for these characters is usually characterized by a heavy black base complimented by a black beard. Kathakali plays also feature women characters, and for these women characters, the typical predominantly yellow-bellied make up on the face is required.For characters like the Monkey God Hanuman and the Sun God Pazhuppe, make up artists decorate the faces of the individuals portraying these characters by exploitation a white beard or Vella Thadi to indicate their roles and characteristics. Aside from the colors of the make up particularly in the face, a Kathakali play also requires its make up artists to be knowledgeable in the enhancements of several facial parts of the different characters which adds depth and personality in every character. Some of the common facial parts that require elaborate exaggeration and enhancement include the moustache and the nose.The teeth are also exaggerated as some characters require show bearing fangs protruding from the mouth. The chin is another important aspect of the facial make up and design since the beards of the characters are supremely important in the flourishing portrayal of innate characteristics of each Kathakali persona. Make up artists craft a chutti or a chine mask for the characters, and this is one aspect of Ka thakali make up that requires a very thick occupation of make up as well as other facial attachments.The usual way for the making and application of the chutti requires the make up artist to create a series of white ridges starting and developing evenly from both parts of the chin until it reaches the cheek. The stress of applying the formation on the actors takes its toll on both the actors and the make up artists as well. Because of this, the make up artist and the actor / actress are expected to be truly dedicated to the performance of the Kathakali for them to be able to endure such stress.Stress generally results from the fact that first, Kathakali make up is usually long, the quickest procedure entire after three hours. The long work usually strains the muscles involved in the delicate and precise application of the make up. Some artists experience strain in the muscles found in the eyes, the lower back and the arms. The eyes are strained because for hours, the eyes are ge nerally foc utilise on the detail of the make up on the face as it develops.Actors are usually lying on a sleeping position, making it impossible for make up artists to sit plenty while providing the make up. They instead spend the entire time putting the make up on the character standing up and moving well-nigh as they decorate the face from one side to the other, straining the back. Make up artists are usually expected to be ambidextrous, meaning they can use both hands with equal results. This is important in applying make up especially if the process takes a long period of time like in Kathakali since this allows for the other arm to rest.Using just one arm in applying the make up can tire the make up artist faster. some other reason for the build up of stress is the need to combat fatigue. Fighting off tiredness and fatigue especially during the long and tedious hours of putting make up for Kathakali characters so that the focus on detail and make up aesthetics is constant ca n build up stress since the body is not relaxed anymore. Five main colors are very noticeable in Kathakali characters make up, and these colors are designated because they represent the characters ethos.Green is the theatrical performance of the characters Sattivika nature, or the characteristic of the character to be pious and god-fearing. Red is the representation of the characters Rajasic nature, which refers to the disposition of being violent and entirely ambitious. The Tamasic nature is represented with the use of the color black, which is commonly used to refer to persons with evil personalities, although this is not always the case since sometimes it is also the color used to represent characters in the Kathakali which are aborigines as well as off-beat characters.Example of which is the character Kirata, who is actually Siva disguised as hunter. Yellow is the representation of the passiveness of the characters, which is why it is commonly found in women characters in Kat hakali. Yellow is also the similar coloring of other characters in the story like Narasimha, the Lion-God, the yellow hue used for the make up of the character representing adbhuta or wonder. White is the representation of the spirituality of the character.White is the basic make up of Hanuman and other half-human gods in the Kathakali which are characterized as benign sometimes and ferocious in other times. The make up in Kathakali plays is characterized by the use of vibrant and wide ordain of colors, and this is because colors in the face of the characters are generally symbolic as these colors indicate who they are and what the characters particular characteristics are.These colors indicate whether they are male (the use of pacha or green color in the face) or female (for female, the face make-up is usually that of yellowish tone, but aside from the yellow hue, female characters also wear black and red make up colors on their face, including the character Surpanaka of the Ashur as), human or god (god characters are designate with the white beard) and good or evil (like the use of the red color in the face of Ravana and the and the uncivilized hunters who are considered as evil in the play).

Case Study on Palliative Care: Example Answers

Case Study on Palliative Care Example Answers hum is a 48 year old woman who lives with her husband dean and three children. sings three children, Josephine (15 years), Harry (12 years) and Sarah (8 years) are aware their mother has cancer, but hold not been told of the development of secondary unsoundness or the implications this carries. The family run a small general store in an outer suburb of Perth. Carol was diagnosed with titmouse cancer three years ago, originally undergoing a right lumpectomy with adjuvant chemotherapy. Last year Carol was diagnosed with bone secondaries. Since that magazine she has been receiving tamoxifen and attending the oncology clinic for follow-up. The club of interests alleviator care support visits Carol once a month to monitor her progress and provide emotional support.While visiting Carol the cheer notes that she appears to be in considerable discomfort, though she denies any pain sensation. On doubting Dean, the nurse learns that Carol has been found crying and holding her hip, but refuses to seek health check attention.Why do you think Carol is reluctant to seek health check attention and acknowledge her pain?ANSWER Carol is reluctant to seek the medical attention because she is fed up with the medical checkups and too she receives no positive improvement in her health so she herself concluded to not to waste the bullion on her health and let them safe for her three children (Matthews, 2008).As Carol begins to receive palliative care, which members of the palliative care team do you think indigence to be involved in her care? Briefly describe the role of each.ANSWER The family members of Carol play an important role in the team of palliative care and especially the role of Dean was real crucial because he is the person who could fill the strength in Carol to fight against this dangerous disease ( Foley, 2001).Investigations of Carols pain revealed bony secondaries. She was offered a configuration of radiot herapy, but refused as this would mean going to the city (55km away) e genuinely day, and she would be away from the shop at the busiest time of the year. Carol agreed to recommencing chemotherapy, and was commenced on regular panadeine forte (two every four hours) for her pain. Carol has been troubled by nausea and vomiting after each course of chemotherapy. On a follow up visit five days after Carols last chemotherapy, the community nurse discovers that Carol is constantly nauseated, vomiting somewhat(prenominal) times a day and unable to keep any fluids down.Identify the possible causes of Carols nausea and vomiting.ANSWER Chemotherapy involves the killing of cancerous cells from the patients body thus ascribable to these heavier operations on Carols body would make her uneasy and thus she has nausea and vomiting (Ferrell, 2006).Describe the commission strategies for the various probable cause(s) of Carols nausea and vomiting.ANSWER solicitude strategies should be in order t o yield her strict instructions to be away from strong odours, not to lay flat after eating, watch some light exercise after eating, to eat in smaller amounts and most importantly keep her mind relaxed and try to forget about the chemotherapy (Hesketh, 2005).On a follow-up visit, the community nurse discovers that Carol is completely achieving two hours pain relief after her tablets and is taking them more frequently, but is reluctant to consider changing to stronger practice of medicine.Identify the withdraw steps for assessing Carols pain.ANSWER She should be checked to take medicines on her own i.e. someone from her family should take the responsibility to fetch her with medicines also management should maintain a regular chart of the total amount of daily doses and the time span of pain she have(McMann,2009).after consultation with the general practitioner, the community nurse discusses changing Carols analgesia to something stronger. Carol is very reluctant as she belief s she will only become addicted to hard drugs if she uses them now. Carol expresses concerns about having this type of medication in the house with young children around.What are the possible reasons for Carols reluctance to change her medication, and how could this be overcome?ANSWER Carol main reason for reluctance was that she wants to be with her family also she wants to save money as she could not afford the hospitals expenses and hence she wants the whole medication to be done at her home. This can be overcome if and only if the management gives some relaxation in the expenses (Visel, 2006).Carol reluctantly agrees to a trial of literal morphine, initially in short-acting form until the dose is titrated. She is commenced on 10mg of oral morphine 4th hourly.What education should the nurse give Carol about commencing and taking morphine?ANSWER The nurse should tell her to handle some pain and extend the period of taking the morphine from 2 hours interval to 4 hours interval so that she could develop some resistive powers in herself (Bruera, 2003).When should Carol be considered for conversion to controlled (slow) release morphine, and how would the dose be calculated for this?ANSWER As soon as Carol feels that she has generated enough resistive power then the controlled doses of morphine should be given and the period should be increased rose to the power of 2 i.e. 2, 4, 8, 16 and finally it should be stopped (Bruera, 2003).Identify adjuvant medication that may be helpful in Carols case.ANSWER Herceptin drug can be used as the adjuvant medication because it interferes with result of cancer cells and slows their growth and spread in the body (Knox, 2004).Carol is reluctantly taking morphine 30mg every four hours and Naprosyn 500mg b.d. for her pain. When visiting Carol one day the community nurse finds Carol vomiting and complaining of catching a gastro bug from one of the children. On questioning Carol states she has had small frequent amounts of diarrh oea for 5-6 days, and has not had a normal bowel motion for two weeks. Carol is notably dry, complains of thirst, has a coated tongue, and a distended abdomen.What nursing investigations would you carry out?ANSWER The transmission system is been spreading in her family due to the contact of virus released by the vomiting of the Carol. Hence personal hygiene should be maintained (Yarbro, 2005).What nursing strategies would you implement to improve Carols symptoms?ANSWER For relieving Carols symptoms the basic nursing strategies should ensure that the toiletry area should properly cleaned using diluted bleach, she must wash her hand after using the toilet, her robes must be washed in warm water, and lastly the nurse should suggest her the BRAT food i.e. Banana Rice Applesauce and Toast as the main food from time to time and drink as much liquid as she discharges in her stools (Yarbro, 2005).Carols appetite has decreased and she is eating only very small amounts of food. She is not nauseous. Dean is finding it hard to accept that Carol doesnt need food and worries that without food Carol will die.What will you tell Dean about Carols loss of appetite?ANSWER We will tell him not to panic because this loss of appetite is only due to the gastro effects and it will be removed as soon as the medicines perform their proper function (Ko, 2008).What strategies can you use to help Carol increase her intake?ANSWER After giving her enough liquid food we will ask Carol to perform light exercises which could help her to burn more calories and so she will feel a good hunger for receiving a good nutrition (Ko, 2008).Carol has become increasingly bedbound and is spending many hours sleeping, and at times becomes restless. She has refused all and chemotherapy and slant tests and is aware her time is limited. Carol has told Dean that she would like to die at home.What do you need to consider to ensure that Carol can be cared for at home (eg. equipment, care needs etc)?ANSWER T he main consideration would be based on finding ways so that she must not get any complication in terms of medical facility. Hence important equipments must be installed with a good experienced nurse who clay with Carol in her house for 24 hours (Keir, 2002).The community nurse is called late at night because Carol has become semi-conscious, but is calling out and very restless. On arrival the nurse finds Carol agitated and restless in bed, with an increased respiratory rate, an obvious frown and unable to respond to questions. On questioning Dean states that he was unable to administer her last two doses of morphine slow release tablets. Carol has not taken fluids for several days, nor passed urine for xviii hours.Identify the possible cause(s) for Carols restlessness and suggest treatments.ANSWER Carols restlessness is only due to improper metabolism of her body so she should be given liquids as much as she could take and finally she must be made to discharge the urine (smith, 2 006).The community nurse suggests insertion of a subcutaneous toy needle to administer Carols morphine for pain control. Dean becomes distressed, questioning the need for morphine when his wife is almost unconscious. He accuses the nurse of trying to hurry things along.What is an allow for nursing response to Deans concerns?ANSWER Nurse should send Dean outside the room and tell him to keep patience and keep faith, she will do the appropriate nursing of Carol (Kearny, 2006).Carol remains unconscious for several days. Josephine expresses concern that her mother has not had any fluids for several days and questions whether she should be admitted to hospital so intravenous fluids could be commenced. Josephine questions if it is cruel to let her mother die of dehydration?What explanation could the nurse give in response to Josephines concerns?ANSWER Nurse should give condolence to Josephine and not to worry because she will take care of her mother in every aspects of medical concern ( Alexander, 2000).What nursing actions will ensure that Carol is comfortable despite no oral intake?ANSWER The basic nursing action that a nurse should check Carols pulse rate and blood pressure, if everything is normal then there it is ensured that Carol is comfortable despite of having no oral intake (Alexander, 2000).Dean approaches the palliative care nurse for assistance the abutting day. He states the children, in particular Sarah, are asking questions he doesnt know how to answer. Sarah asks detailed questions about what will happen to Carol before and after she dies, and appears to have a morbid interest in the details of death.Identify strategies to assist children dealing with death.ANSWER While assisting children dealing with death the children of small age should be taken away from the house and make them busy in some games while elder children should understand itself how to manage with the condition (Schaefer, 2002).Carol died at 4.30 p.m. on a Sunday afternoon, with D ean, the three children and her mother by her side. Her death was described by the palliative care nurse as peaceful, but her dying as a struggle.What bereavement follow up could be put in place for this family?ANSWER Carol was a strong fighter and she fights with her disease with belt up and lots of courage, this death would keep soul free from the struggles that she had faced during her illness. God bless her soul Amen (Schaefer, 2002).

Theories Of Language Acquisition

Theories Of Language AcquisitionThis essay will deal with three theories of spoken diction acquisition the lingual theory, demeanorist theory and companionable inter movementionist theory. from each star theory will include an explanation of the theory, a look at whether it is nativist or empirical, whether the evidence is more stressed on competency or motion, the evidence supporting and criticising the theories and examples of how the theories apply to the beas of mother tongue and style therapy will also be looked at.The concept of a actors line faculty was first proposed by Noam Chomsky in 1976 and suggested that humans suck in an innate experienceledge of grammar which has two levels of linguistic bear upon deep structure and surface structure. Level one incorporates phrase structure rules which are the basic relationships underlying all sentence organisation in all languages. Level two incorporates transformational rules that govern the rearrangement of the phra se structure rules based on a specific structure. He suggested that humans have a language acquisition device -replaced by Universal Grammar in his later work- that allows us to create symbols and fig out communicative expressions. Harley (2008). He argues that it is acquired at a time when the infants intellectual capabilities are not yet developed and therefore pecknot be dependent on erudition. Harley (2008) deep Chomsky has revised some of his previous claims and his more recent get downes are the Minimalist Program and the Principles and Parameters theory.Chomsky refers to the idea of parameter reach to explain the acquisition of divers(prenominal) languages, that icon to a specific language is constrained by switches that are set off within a true environment. Harley (2008). An example of a parameter setting is whether a language is pro-drop or not. If a child is exposed to a pro-drop language such as Italian or Spanish they automatically know that they are allowed t o drop the pronoun, whereas an English language learner will have the parameter setting at non-pro-drop, and keep the pronoun. According to Chomsky, as cited in Harley (2008) the language faculty should involve a cognitive system that holds information, and a performance system that can use this information.Competence-which is a persons knowledge of language involving the rules of grammar-, is favoured over performance within linguistic theory. The focus of language schooling in linguistic theory is on the child. Unlike in doingsism, the environment does not shape or train verbal behaviour. Berko Gleason (2005). Nativists follow the idea that language is much too complex a process to learn and that it is learnt at such a solid rate, that it would be impossible for it not to be innate.Lennebergs captious period hypothesis states that language development occurs during a critical period of a childs life and that certain linguistic events must take place in order for it to progress . Harley (2008). However, evidence from second language acquisition interrogation shows that this can be true for phonological and syntactic development, and research has shown that it is not a perfect test of the critical theory hypothesis overall, as second language learners will have already acquired a first language. Harley (2008).Supporting evidence cross-linguistically shows that regardless of the word order of a language, subject- heading order is followed by children, which registers the existence of a language acquisition device universally. Berko Gleason (2005). If children are deprived of linguistic input during the critical period, studies have shown they are uneffective to acquire language everydayly, as is the case with djinni. Genie was a normal child who suffered extreme abuse in her home and spent most of her time tied up in isolation, so she was unexposed to speech from a young age. Because of this abuse, she was deprived physically and socially and her lingu istic skills were undeveloped. When she was taken into care at almost 14 years of age, Genie was taught language but she never reached full fluency. She learned certain syntactic structures but her case proves that a limited amount of language can be learnt once the critical period has been passed. Harley (2008)Contrary evidence claims that just language alone is not sufficient to acquire language, that input is necessary and that the influence of environmental factors cannot be ignored. Pinkers (1984) scantness of stimulus idea offers that just because someone cannot imagine how a particular behaviour might have been learned, it does not mean it was not learned. Berko Gleason (2005) Chomsky does not focus on the link between syntax and semantics though he does refer to it in his book Syntactic structures with the quote colourless green ideas sleep furiously which shows an example of a syntactically correct sentence lacking meaning.In terms of how linguistic theory applies to the a rea of speech and language therapy, an explanation of aphasia and agrammatism is necessary. Aphasia is a language disorder that results from brain damage caused by disease, stroke or brain trauma. The main characteristics of one grapheme of aphasia, Brocas, are the speech being telegraphic, which core that articles, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliary verbs and pronouns and morphological inflections are omitted. Agrammatism is a feature of Brocas aphasia and the various linguistic theories that deal with agrammatism are trace deletion hypothesis, theta assigning principle, double dependency hypothesis and direct pruning hypothesis. Edwards (2005).One of these theories, the tree pruning hypothesis, is an example of how the syntax of a language can be affected. The impairment occurs on the highest nodes of the syntactic tree and in English, this means that Wh questions and yes/no questions are affected, although in other languages, it can vary. The impairments are in word order, in embedded clauses and inflection for tense. Edwards (2005). While a syntactic explanation for language impairments in Brocas aphasia and agrammatism can show what needs to be worked on in therapy, the exact nature of the deficits are different depending on whether it is a production or comprehension deficit so the speech and language therapy case management plan would have to be special depending on which one it is.In contrast to the linguistic emphasis on language use, the behavioural emphasis was mainly developed by the psychologist BF Skinner in his book Verbal Behaviour (1957).His basic premise is that children learn to talk because of imitation and support.Despite many variants of hypotheses concerning behaviourism, most theories consist of the idea that language is a subset of a behaviour which is learned through connections between a stimulus and a response. Owens (2008). They agree that there are some internal connections with language learning in the brain yet disagree with the idea of specific internal structures and suggest further research is necessary to understand the processes. Berko Gleason (2005)In comparison to linguistic theory where the focus is on competence, performance is highlighted more in behaviourism. Skinner (1957) described language as being something we do and that it is a learned behaviour like any other skill. Contrary to nativists, he claimed that syntactic forms were not important and defined language as verbal behaviour since a child is unable to create a rule and thus shaped by external stimuli (parents).The idea that language is a learnt behaviour opposes that of nativism. Skinner (1957) claimed that parental payoff allows a child to acquire language and that it is a process of imitation that a child must work at. In this model, children are seen as nonoperational recipients of language training and it is suggested by Skinner that the child has no active role in acquisition. According to Whitehurst and Novak (1973) af ter a lot of trial-and-error fashion model the adult role-models in the environment-by shaping and imitation training-reinforcement and punishment will improve childrens speech output. An example of this reinforcement is soothing or attending to the child when they incur correct speech sounds. It is said that with enough sound samples, the child will learn a word association pattern rather than rules of grammar. Owens (2008). What is suggested is that language behaviour is shaped by the environment and not governed by rules or maturation, unlike in Chomskys generativist approach.Supporting evidence for behaviourism include studies of both disordered and normal children. Since Skinners research, environmental input is considered an essential part of the acquisition of language, despite Chomskys conclusion that Skinners work was premature. Owens (2008). Lovaass (1977) advancement with behavioural modification of children with autism has shown that techniques such as shaping and rein forcement assist children with restricted speech abilities. It should be noted that despite this discovery, it is unclear how the acquisition process differs between normal and disordered children. In a 1968 use up by Palermo and Eberhart, adults were shown to follow the same learning patterns as children, when they were taught an artificial language.Evidence against behaviourism shows that while lab studies on adults show positive results, they do not provide a full explanation on how children acquire language since they are not done in a childs environment. Adults also provide a poor model of imitation as their grammar is full of errors, dialects and slang. What this shows is that children do not copy parents because how could they select correct speech over erroneous speech? Additionally, research by Brown and Hanlon from 1970 shows that children are not punished or rewarded for using certain utterances and the main focus of correction or reward is more on the semantics than the syntax. What this shows is that in behaviourism, input is focused on excessively and is inadequate at explaining the full gamut of what is required to learn a language. Berko Gleason (2005)As previously mentioned, behaviourism has been utilitarian in speech and language therapy in the area of autism. With the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS), communication for children with autism can be vastly improved and act as an aid in devising strategies for solving issues and improving the standard of living for people.The interactionist approach puts forward the idea that a variety of factors influence the language development of a child, while using a mix of the linguistic and behavioural approaches. There are three different approaches concerning interactionism Piagets cognitive theory, information processing and the social interactionist theory. Piagets interactive approach focuses on constructivism, which is the idea that linguistic structures are the emergent properties of language. His idea that childrens processes are essentially different to adults would also have an topic on language acquisition. The second approach sees cognition as being computational, deriving patterns from data while assuming the mind as a type of software and the brain as hardware. The third approach is one that will be focused on here and it concerns the social interactionist theory.According to Vygotsky (1962) cognitive and social factors can influence the development of language acquisition, which in turn can have a reciprocal influence on cognition and social abilities. complaisant interactionists commit that children influence their parents in their acquisition of language and that they and the language environment work together as a dynamic system. Berko Gleason (2005)In terms of competence and performance, interactionists need more performance input than what is suggested by generativists. Parents must provide the communication aids that children need in order to ac quire language. According to Vygotsky (1962) language is only initially something used for young children to interact socially and is only developed over time to become something else. Interactionists also believe that maturation and cognition are an essential part of language acquisition and that until a child is at a certain level of cognition they will be unable to acquire language.Similar to behaviourists, the environment is where interactionists believe language skills appear, but more emphasis is placed on social development than on Piagets cognitive development. Non-linguistic elements (turn-taking, vernacular gaze and joint attention) are necessary for social development along with motherese, or child-directed speech (CDS) which is a specific way of speaking to children that differs to how adults communicate with one another. Bruner, as cited in Harley (2008) claims language development occurs within a language acquisition socialization system (LASS) which contains these in nate non-linguistic elements.In positively evaluating this theory, those in favour, believe that CDS is an assisting factor in child language acquisition. This is confirmed by studies of fourteen different languages and proves that infants have preference over this kind of speech. In a piece of work by De Casper and Fifer from 1980, infants are found to prefer their own Mothers CDS over another Mothers CDS. Berko Gleason (2005). In a study cited in Berko Gleason (2005), by Tomasello and Farrar from (1986), it appears that Mothers who focus on the object of their childs gaze have children who speak their first words earlier and also have larger vocabularies. Despite positive evidence from studies, leveled analysis on how development is influenced by social interactions is insufficient.As already mentioned, evidence suggests further testing is needed in the area of social interactionism. An explanation for the lack of detail is provided by Berko Gleason (2005) and suggests two of th e issues with this theory are that it does not exist in all languages, and it has not been in existence for the same length of time as other theories, so may not have the counter evidence to compare it to. To date, studies have shown the difference of features between CDS and adult-like speech, yet the existence of these patterns does not prove the assistance in the acquisition of language for children. A suggestion is made by Baker and Nelson, cited in Berko Gleason (2005) that it is difficult to know whether language development is caused by parents lack of communication or childrens. Research of language delays in unheeded children suggest that the childrens impairments may de-motivate parents with the result being neglectful parenting.An example where social interactionism can assist in the area of speech and language therapy is the previously mentioned example of Genie. Genies experience of neglect highlights the evidence that the correct environment is necessary for language learning, that a specific social context is required for normal language learning to occur. This knowledge can assist in the assessment and evaluation of a neglected child. Another example, such as the Hanen programme, is based on the social interactionist model where parents facilitate language learning in everyday situations, but as it requires a lot of parental input at home, it may be a difficult kind of intervention to apply in practice.To conclude the social interactionist analysis, this approach takes from both the linguistic theory in terms of children having an innate specialized language device and from the behaviourist theory it values the influence of the environment on language acquisition.This essay looked at three theories of language acquisition the linguistic theory, behaviourist theory and social interactionist theory. Each theory included an explanation of the theory, discussed whether it took a nativist or empirical approach and whether the evidence was more focu sed on competence or performance. The evidence supporting and criticising the theories was included along with examples of how the theories utilise to the areas of speech and language therapy.

Epidemiology in relation to health promotion

Epidemiology in relation to wellness promotionThis assign handst will define epidemiology, list and place more or less of its important aspects and assess the significance of those aspects for their effect on health promotion. The example of lung genus crabby person will be apply throughout.DefinitionEpidemiology is the study of how diseases atomic number 18 distributed among populations and the factors that affect this distribution. Epidemiologists try to predict risk factors that may lead to a particular disease and identify st postgies that could be used to prevent its occurrence. (Naidoo Wills 2008 4)The following questions push back epidemiologyWho becomes sick or is most(prenominal) belike to be affected?Why do particular people become sick?When are people most likely to be affected?Where has the disease occurred or is most likely to occur?How effective are available treatments and preventative strategies?(Crichton Mulhall in Naidoo Wills 200874)Epidemiology has th e following main aimsTo describe patterns of disease in the population, or the disease distribution, across age, gender and geography.To indentify the aetiology, or determinant, of the disease risk factors or prior events associated with the appearance of the disease or condition.To analyse frequency, or how many cases occur, over a given period.To provide the data needed for the planning of preventative measures and treatment.Epidemiology is concerned with rates the sharpen is on groups rather than respective(prenominal)s and aims to highlight trends. (Naidoo Wills 200874)Epidemiology has two main approachesDescriptive Epidemiology is concerned with the patterns of distribution of disease according to people, place and time and uses mortality and morbidity statistics as soundly as population data.Analytical epidemiology explores cause and risk factors and asks why did it happen?Successful prevention rests on identifying risk factors which can be reduced or eliminated.(Hubley C opeman, 200840)HistoryIn the past epidemiology has helped to explain the transmission of diseases, such as cholera and measles, by discovering factors shared by individuals who became sick. Modern epidemiologists have contributed to an understanding of factors that lure the risk of heart disease and genus Cancer, which account for most deaths in developed countries today. Epidemiology has established the causal association of cigarette locoweed with heart disease and lung cancer shown that AIDS is associated with certain sexual practices and demonstrated the value of mammography in reducing breast cancer mortality. (Sci Tech, 2009)Aspects of EpidemiologyAn aspect is a part or facet of a particular subject area.Aspects of epidemiology which will be assessed are as follows mortality and morbidity rates, statistical analysis, cohort studies, correlation, causation and questionnaire/survey.Mortality and morbidity rates.Mortality rate is a measure of the number of deaths (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a population. Data is stash away from the compulsory registration of death and its cause. driving is the disease or injury which initiated the train of events leading to death. Information can be divided according to age, gender and cause.Morbidity rates are all the number of new cases of a disease (incidence) or all cases at a point in time (prevalence). Data is collected from hospitals and GPs and complicates cancer registrations, observation of infectious disease, sexually transmitted disease, HIV/AIDS and congenital anomalies. (T integritys Green 200845).A central tool of epidemiology is rate comparison population data collected by census is used for this purpose.Lung cancer figures confirm that lung cancer has an enormous impact on national mortality and currently accounts for 7% of all deaths and 22% of all deaths from cancer in the UKIncidence ratesLung cancer UKMalesFe phallicsPersonsNumber of new cases (UK 2006)22,38116,64639,027Rate pe r 100,000 population*60.837.147.4Number of deaths (UK 2007)19,63714,87234,509Rate per 100,000 population*51.531.340.1One-year survival of the fittest rate (for patients diagnosed 2004-2006**, England)27%30%Five-year survival rate (for patients diagnosed 2001-2006**, England)7%9%(Cancer Research UK)Cohort studiesA sample of people is followed overtime and their lifestyle and word picture to hazards and the incidence of disease is monitored. A cohort of people has a characteristic in common e.g. the same disease or the same employer.CausationThe probe of a relationship between one event and another by weighing up a body of evidence. A number of methods are used to investigate causation including cohort studies. Relative risk is the ratio of the rate of a disease to the number of those exposed to a risk factor. It indicates how likely it is that an individual exposed to a particular environmental or lifestyle factor will go on to develop a particular disease.Lung cancer The most fa mous example of a cohort study was the British Doctors cohort study. Dr Richard Doll enlisted forty thousand male Doctors and followed them for fifty years. The results published in the mid-fifties showed that many more Doctors who smoked went on to develop lung cancer than those who did not.. The study provided clear evidence for a causal link between smoke and lung cancer. (Hubley Copeman 2008). coefficient of correlationCorrelation is a statistical measurement of the relationship between two variables.Lung cancer research has shown a correlation between sess and social kind with people of less affluent groups pot more. Correlation has also been demonstrated between the smoking habits of close family members adolescent people are more likely to take up the habit if their parents smoke.(Ewles2005)Questionnaire and surveyA set of questions addressed to a statistically significant number of subjects as a way of aggregation information.Lung Cancer The 2005 general household su rvey indicated that manual workers start to smoke at an earlier age, with 48% of men and 40% of women in manual occupations on a regular basis smoking by 16, compared with 33% of men and 28% of women in managerial and professional occupations. (Cancer Research UK)Statistical analysisUsed to determine likelihoods or probabilities.Lung Cancer Statistical Analysis provides a wealth of data and information. Available smoking statistics include incidence of cancer linked to number of cigarettes smoked per day and chronicle of smoking. Also smoking statistics by age, socio-economic group, ethnic group, geographical variations and children are published.As an example, this graph illustrates the prevalence of smoking by age over three decades and shows the reject following the linking of smoking with cancer and the subsequent health promotion programme.Today, tobacco consumption is recognised as the UKs single greatest cause of preventable indisposition and early death with more than 11 4,000 people dying each year from smoking-related diseases including cancers. (Cancer research UK, 2009)Before the dangers of cigarette smoking were widely known, smoking prevalence wide-ranging little by socio-economic group. Today there are clear differences due to the differential decline in smoking by social class that occurred in the 1970s and 1980s. By 2007, 25% of adults in manual occupations smoked compared to 16% of those in non-manual occupations.(Cancer research UK)The influence of these aspects of epidemiology on health promotion using lung cancer and smoking as an example.The World Health Organisation (WHO) defines health promotion as the process of enabling people to increase control over and to break their health.The mortality rates for cancer in general, and in particular lung cancer, highlight this as a health issue of significant importance and worthy of focus and resources.The Doll cohort study demonstrated the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. Naidoo Wills in Key Topics in Public Health say, The single most vital area for action to reduce cancer is smoking.It is estimated that 1 in 2 smokers will die of a smoking related illness. If current smokers can be encouraged to quit mortality will be reduced discouraging late people from starting to smoke will reduce smoking-related deaths during the second fractional of the twenty-first century. (Cancer Research UK)Health promotion to reduce the levels of lung cancer has therefore focussed on smoking cessation.Health promotion strategies have three components education, answer benefit and advocacy. Using lung cancer and its correlation with smoking as the example againEducation involves increasing awareness of the risks, the benefits of quitting and practical ways of stopping.Service improvement involves actions of primary care such as clinics and availability of nicotine patches.Advocacy involves enforcement of controls such as laws preventing sale of cigarettes to under 18s and the ban on smoking in frequent places. (Hebley Copeman, 2008)Statistics show which groups are more likely to smoke and the greater degree of risk they face. The correlation between smoking and social class, indicated by the Household survey, highlighted that smoking rates are highest amongst manual workers. The need to target this group is recognised in the Government white paper Choosing Health Making Healthier Choices Easier which sets a target for reduction of smoking prevalence in this group. Smoking is a key contributory factor to health inequalities between socio-economic groups in the UK and accounts for a study part of the differences in life expectancy between manual and non-manual groups and is a key focus of the current government. (Department of Health, 2009)Other current priorities are the very young who are at risk of uptake and the problem of passive smoking.Evidence alludes a correlation between young people smoking and the smoking habits of their parents. mass who start to smoke in their teens do so because they adopt the social pattern of their family. The habit quickly becomes an addiction, which is very difficult to break. It is easier to stop a young person from starting to smoke than getting someone to quit. Specific measures are in place to focus on the very young including the banning of sales to under 18s. This group is also highly influenced by advertising and as a result TV advertising has been outlawed.The effects of passive smoking on children, in particular, have been highlighted in a graphic T.V. campaign which demonstrates to parents the harm they are causing their children.Examples of other, current, health promotion initiatives aimed at smoking cessation include* Point of sale promotion has been severely restricted.* In July 200, the advertising of cigarettes at sporting events, including Formula 1, was banned.* On July 1st 2007, it became illegal to smoke in a public place or workplace including pubs.* All cigarette pa ckets must carry a health warning covering a specific dowery of the front and back of the packet.* Media campaigns have been graphic and disturbing. The fish hook advert highlighted the controlling nature of tobacco.Primary Care Trusts run cessation programmes, one to one support, group sessions, quit smoking helpline, education events in schools and provide free nicotine patches.The government levies ever increasing taxation on cigarettes to increase prices and give a financial incentive to individuals to quit. (Ewles, 200563)October 2009, MPs agreed a ban on cigarette vending machines. (BBC News, 2009)Annual no-smoking day. (Nosmokingday,2009)Epidemiological research also confirms the success, or otherwise, of health promotion strategies.Between 1970-2000, British men experienced the most rapid decrease in death rates from lung cancer in the world as a result of the success of the health promotion measures and smokers quitting the habit.(Ewles 2005)In the early 1900s, lung cancer was a rare disease causing fewer than 10 male deaths annually in every 100,000 men.By the 1950s, the lung cancer death rate had risen six-fold, prompting the first epidemiological study that linked tobacco smoking and lung cancer in Britain. By the 1980s, the death rate for lung cancer was over 100 per 100,000 men. From the early 1980s onwards, following extensive focus of efforts on smoking cessation, the male lung cancer mortality rates have fallen continuously.The striking mortality trends by age over the past fifty years for men in England and Wales are shown below(Cancer Research UK)ConclusionBy identifying factors that increase the risk of disease, epidemiologists provide crucial input into the formulation of public health policy. (Sci Tech, 2009) touchstone health is important for health promotion as it establishes priorities, assists in planning, enables prioritization of actions with high-risk groups, justifies use of resources and demonstrates the efficiency (or otherwise ) of health promotion initiatives. (Naidoo Wills, 2009).In many studies a categorical answer is never produced as there is never 100% proof of the outcomes, only evidence to suggest. For example, not everyone who smokes will contract lung cancer and some non-smokers do contract the disease. (Naidoo Wills, 2005)The epidemiological research which proved the link between smoking and lung cancer, and the subsequent health promotion strategies, have reduced the prevalence of smoking and consequently the incidence of lung cancer significantly over the last thirty years.Health promotion priorities and strategies are continually reviewed as new evidence to suggest is produced from ongoing epidemiological research.

What Is Organization? Essay -- Management

To organize means to determine what activities are necessary for a specific purpose and to encourage them in groups, which are assigned to individuals. An organisation is a complex social system, which brings together many individuals for a given purpose. It is also an arrangement of personnel to facilitate the accomplishment of a given purpose through the allocation of functions and responsibilities. To further understand the definition of organisation let us consider the definition developed by Max Weber. Like any former(a) field of study, and like organisation themselves, organizational analysis has a tradition. That tradition leans heavily on Max Weber, who is known for his analysis of bureaucracy and authority, topics that will be considered later. Weber also concerned himself with the to a greater extent general definitions of organisation. In his definition he first distinguishes the integrated group from other forms of social organisation (Weber, 1947). The corporate group involves a social relationship with either closed or limits the admission of outsiders by rules... so far as its order is enforced by the action of specific individuals whose regular function this is, of a chief or head and usually also a administrative staff. This aspect of the definition contains a come in of elements that need further discussion, since they are basic to most other such definition. In the first place, organisation involves social relationship. That is, individuals interact within the organization. However as the reference to closed or limited boundaries suggests, these individual are not simply in random contact. The organisation (corporate group) includes some parts of the population and exc... ...inciples, develop models of organisation that were overly rational and mechanistic. The Type 2 theorist, to a large degree, represented a counterpoint to the rational-mechanistic view. The current stage of organisati on theory more fully reflects the contribution of the type 3. Contingency advocates have taken the insights provided by the earlier theorists and reframed them in a situational context. Nevertheless, we should not conclude that the findings of the earlier management thinkers would be useless in the future. For, example many of the concepts developed by early classical writers are still of value today the study of the management caper in terms of functions performed and the use of management principle as guides to actions are still very much with us and are expected to remain valuable. hardly a(prenominal) who manage will be able to escape at least some of their impact.